Communication - empathy

Question 1

Empathy

Answer 1

Empathy: the ability to put yourself in another person’s
perspective (understanding it). And thereafter sharing this.

Question 2

Empathy vs Sympathy

Answer 2

empathy involves sharing the emotional experience of another person, while sympathy involves acknowledging and caring about their emotional experience, without necessarily feeling it yourself.

Question 3

Assumptions communication
theoretical approach (Watzlawick)

Answer 3

1. It is impossible to not communicate.
2. In communication there is a content and relationship level.
   – We communicate digitally and analogically
   – Importance of nonverbal communication
3. In communication there are different forms of punctuation possible.
4. Communication can be inconsistent in several ways.
5. There are different interaction patterns.
6. (Psychological problems are a way of communicating.)

Question 4

Content and relationship level

Answer 4

■ Content level = the literal message of what is being said. The subject of a conversation?
■ Relationship level = ‘this is how I see you in relation to me in this situation’ Thus: Which
relationship is being proposed or being implied between sender and receiver.

Question 5

Digital and analogue communication

Answer 5

Digital communication = spoken and written language
– Content level is mainly being communicated digitally
■ Analogue communication = body posture, facial expressions, tone, speed,
symptoms, objects, clothes
– Relationship level is mainly being communicated by analogue communication

Question 6

4 sides of communication of Schulz von
Thun

Answer 6

1. Factual level
2. Appeal level
3. Relational level
4. Self relevation

Question 7

Two important interaction patterns:

Answer 7

Complementary interaction pattern
– Symmetrical interaction pattern

Question 8

Complementary interaction patterns

Answer 8

occur when two individuals in a relationship adopt different and complementary roles or positions. In this pattern, one person takes on a dominant or assertive role, while the other person takes on a submissive or passive role

Complementary interaction patterns can be beneficial in some situations, such as when one person has expertise or knowledge that the other person lacks, but can also create power imbalances and lead to unhealthy relationships.

Question 9

Symmetrical interaction patterns

Answer 9

occur when two individuals in a relationship adopt the same or similar roles or positions. In this pattern, both individuals may take on a dominant or assertive role, or both may take on a submissive or passive role.

Symmetrical interaction patterns can be useful in situations where both individuals have equal expertise or knowledge, but can also lead to power struggles and relationship breakdowns.

Question 10

Emotional
Intelligence

Answer 10

the capacity to which one can
recognize, name, express and
regulate one’s own emotions
and empathically understand
the emotions of others

Question 11

Emotions

Answer 11

• According to Nico Frijda, emotions
  are signals that tell us something is
  important to us.
• According to Damasio, emotions are
  changes in both body and brain
  states in response to stimuli.
• A mental reaction subjectively
  experienced as a strong feeling
  usually directed toward and/or away
  from a specific object and typically
  accompanied by physiological and
  behavioral changes.

Question 12

Why do we have emotions?

Answer 12

The main task of the brain is to help you adjust
to the environment, survive
* Emotions play an essential role in making that
adjustment (choices, actions, perceptions)
* Emotions motivate behaviors, get us ready for
action
* Emotions help us communicate and learn
* Emotions help us respond quickly through rapid
analysis based on our learning history
* This analysis may be correct or incorrect,
sometimes it can save our lives->

Question 13

Primary basic emotions and functions (paul ekman)

Answer 13

1. Suprise (orientation, focus)
2. Fear (safety, warning for danger)
3. Disgust (rejection, elimination, protection)
4. Anger (protect boundaries, self defense)
5. Sadness (process painful things, signal for help)
6. Joy (energy, motivation, survival, reproduction)

Question 14

Primary emotions

Answer 14

are automatically evoked by stimuli from
the outside world (ex. shock/fear).
* the amygdala and hypothalamic-produced endocrine and
neurochemical reactions
* arise unconsciously
* According to Ekman, they are universal, but recent research
contradicts this somewhat.

Question 15

Secondary emotions

Answer 15

involves a more complex circuit (ex. being
moved)
* the frontal cortex plays an important role
* are often accompanied by conscious experience
* are also more dependent on environmental influences and culture

Question 16

The Four Component theory of Nico Frijda

Answer 16

Physiological arousal: physical sensations
* Cognitive interpretation: beliefs and thoughts about situation
* Subjective feelings: how you experience it personally
* Behavioral expression: what behavior you show

Question 17

James-Lange theory of emotions

Answer 17

(stimulus->arousal->emotion)

Question 18

Cannon-Bard theory of emotions

Answer 18

(stimulus->arousal & emotion)

Question 19

Schachter-Singer - two factor theory of emotions

Answer 19

1.general arousal from stimulus
2. a cognitive interpretation
our thoughts are responsible for emotions.

Question 20

Somatic markers
(Damasio)

Answer 20

Your body remembers the emotion
= somatic stamp.
* Example: bitten by a dog. Dogs will
henceforth trigger a physical
affective response.
* This somatic stamp helps with
decision making; it reduces options
and is more direct than cognitive
decision-making.

Question 21

Emotion regulation (

Answer 21

Timely recognizing of the emotion (and being
able to name it)
* Becoming aware of it
* Choosing a constructive response to the
emotion