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History 100-02 > Communication Disorders > Flashcards

Communication Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Brief Intro to Cleft Palate (what is it, where does it happen, how does it happen)

A

It is a craniofacial anamoly
it is the opening of the hard palate, above the hard palate (submucous cleft) , or the unilateral or bilateral cleft of the lip
due to the aberrant formation during development of palate in utero
can be due to genetics, environmental, or causes such as smoking, drinking, medications, drugs)

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2
Q

Cleft is the lack of formation of? (2 bones, the two types of palates)
cause and effect

A

maxillary bones (2) and they grow inward to meet at midline forming the hard roof of the mouth at about 8 weeks of pregnancy

the soft palate or velum tissue also grows from lateral to midline and closes a few weeks after hard palate

because of this: an interruption in development may result in incomplete closure!

normal palates separate the oral from the nasal cavities allowing an individual to build pressure needed for speaking

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3
Q

Incidence of cleft

A

1 in every 700 births in the U.S
the highest incidence in Chinese Americans
followed by native Americans
organizations like the smile train raise funding for surgery

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4
Q

types of cleft palate

A

cleft of the hard palate- opening through the midline, although a partial can occur

submucous cleft- is the hidden cleft above the hard palate (bony), a sign is a nasal speech and bifid uvula

clefts of the lip- unliteral ( one side ) bilateral- both sides

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5
Q

going into dept what are some other issues that cleft causes for a person? (FADS)

A

Feeding, Auditory, Dental, Speech)

Feeding-

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6
Q

going into dept what are some other issues that cleft causes for a person? (FADS)

A

Feeding, Auditory, Dental, Speech)

Feeding- issues with eating, no separation between the oral and nasal cavities (can choke)

Auditory- impairment or fluctuations, hearing loss, malformed eustachian tubes or the physical arrangement of the ear causing middle ear infections

Dental- teeth are malformed, some are not even there, some are rotten at birth and need to be extracted = malocclusions

speech- like we know oral and nasal cavities are not separated and this can lead to a nasal sound ( problems with oral resonance, intraoral pressure ) people with cleft have a hard time building up a pressure with both cavities formed together (articulation errors)

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7
Q

even when repaired are there still speech errors?

A

yes, with cleft being repaired there can be weakness in the soft palate (velum tissue) (necessary for closing off the velopharyngeal port)

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8
Q

when surgery is necessary or wanted who is the team that helps? ( 9 people)

A

Surgeon and a plastic surgeon, speech therapist audiologist, parents, orthodontist, prosthodontist, social work and nursing)

therapy after is needed - bascially focusing on working on the formation of words,
the muscle weakness, the nasal (using a mirror), increase loudness, tactile cues to reinforce oral air flow

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9
Q

Functional or idiopathic disorders means?

A

we cannot find a cause (medically)

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10
Q

Organic or neurogenic disorders are when..

A

we can find the cause of the disorder (brain wise as well, through cat scans )

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11
Q

what do we characterize normal communication as?

A

is based on the assumption of intact, normal functioning nerves, great structure ( brain, spinal, peripheral, articulators, and bony structures )

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12
Q

Voluntary vs. automatic ( yes conscious.. but )

A

Voluntary implies conscious.. is where there is proper function between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the cortex
we do not have to think about it AUTOMATIC due to it have becoming a patterning

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13
Q

Motor commands (N or pathways)

A

sent on nerves neural pathways for action (immediate)

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14
Q

Sensory pathways (surroundings)

A

carry information to the brain about the environment

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15
Q

Kinesthetic (think about where stars are)

A

sensation of body in space

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16
Q

somatic sensation (ouch, or its hot)

A

pain, temp

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17
Q

sensory

A

visual, hearing, smelling, facility, convert sensory through data that is understood through neurons and synapses

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18
Q

The Nervous system

A

*A complex hierarchical structure
*Composed of around 100 billion neurons
Each neuron communicates directly with 2,000 other neurons
Interaction of neurons provides at least 1 trillion points of communication
Many motor functions automated by practice
Brain alone receives moré than 40,000 signals/sec
Cerebral cortex has up to 18 billion neurons/cubic millimeter and
Each cubic millimeter of gray matter has 100 billion synapses

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19
Q

The 4 main lobes of the brain

A

frontal- contains motor strip and areas of speech (broca’s area)

parietal- sensory cortex

temporal- aduitory

occipital- visual

brainstem (homestasis), basal ganglia (helps regulate movement) , cerebellum - cordinates movement and balance)

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20
Q

Aphasia ( what is it, why does it happen, what are the effects)

A

it is a language disorder due to a brain injury, secondary strokes, Causes difficulty in comprehension and/or expression of language and speech that varies with the specific damage to the brain. May cause difficulty with wordfinding, constructing grammatical sentences, articulation, understanding speech of others, reading and writing

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21
Q

Hypo-nasality

A

not enough nasal

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22
Q

hypernasality

A

too much nasal (not enough resonance)

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23
Q

quality of voice

A

smooth, sexy, rich, pleasing, hoarse, harsh, breathy, nasaly

24
Q

Early organic theories for stuttering

A

Cerebral dominance, Pyscholingustic theory

25
Q

Cerebral Dominance theory

A

one hemisphere is usually dominant for language but requires perfectly timed and coordinated impulses to muscles (Orton, Van Riper 1971)

26
Q

Psycholinguistic theory

A

Psycholinguistic theory- suggest difficulty in timing/coordination may be due to a variety of neural dyssynchronies that cause of breakdown (Perkins 1991) *handedness

27
Q

what is a voice disorders

A

when the persons pitch, loudness, phonatory variations outside the normal range

28
Q

Down Syndrome

A

chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes, associated with the age of the mother but not always, child often has lower IQ and speech language difficulties, 1 I every 1000 births

29
Q

Enviromental theories to stuttering are..

A

Dianogensic, struggle theory, conditioned/learning

30
Q

Dianogensic

A

the person who is listening to the patient speak misdiagnoses a noraml dysfleuncy

31
Q

Frequency of voice (pitch)

A

how high or low a voice sounds determined by the mass, length, tension of te vocal cords and freqeuncy at which the cords vibrate

32
Q

pitchy disorders

A

too high or too low (gender, maturation, medications)

33
Q

Intensity disorders

A

too soft (not intelligble) respiratory, air pressure, control issues)

34
Q

receptive Aphasia

A

difficulty with comprehension due to the wernicks area of the brain

35
Q

expressive Aphasia

A

is due to the brocas area,

36
Q

if both apashias combined together

A

global aphasia

37
Q

Intensity of voice (DB, Hz

A

decibals, hertz

the amp of the vibration of the movement of air particles
greater force , louder voice
situational need
lung capacity. good breathing is critical

38
Q

strokes

A 
3rd leading cause of death in the us
usually in adults over 55
is also known as CVA 
FAST
face, arm, speech, time
39
Q

what causes strokes? (HAET

A

high cholesterol,
anuerism- weak artery wall that bursts hemmoraghe

embolism- blood clot or air bubble that abstructs blood flow

tumors or infections

thrombposis- blood clot blocking flow

40
Q

Strokes and aphasia could cause spoken issues such as

APNJA

A

anomia- word finding difficulty
paraphasia- incorrect word sub
neologisms- made up words
jargon- fleunt but makes no sense to listeners
agramatism- telegraphic speech dosent flow properl

41
Q

the goal of therapy with both is

A

functioal communication

42
Q

the importance of caregivers and family members is

A

knowledge about person, reinforcment and practice, emptional support, caring and loving them, provides info to therapist and other team members

43
Q

Apraxia is (what area) hint pattern

A

a motor planning disorder it has nothing to do with muscle weakness
A difficulty executing movement pattern for speech in absence of physical weakness, paralysis or damage to muscles of speech but damage to Brocas area
timing might be off,
or intensity

44
Q

what is childhood apraxia? (what and how does it happen)

A

developmental axpraxia occurs in children delayed development of speech,
known head injuries, or brain infections
genetics
more males than females

45
Q

types of cerbral palsy

A

spastic, athetoid, ataxic

46
Q

Spastic due to damage of the CCC

cortical..

A

Spastic-jerky, irregular, rigid, labored movement with scissor gait and “spastic” motions ( damage to cortical control centers)

47
Q

athetiod due to damage of the BG

A

basal ganglia… Athetoid-intentional movement is snakelike and writhing, drooling

48
Q

Ataxic due to the damage of the cere..

A

cerebellar.. hypotonia, flabby muscles, balance issues

49
Q

fragile x syndrome is a genetic.. (who does it affect more, and what are the causes)

A

Genetic abnormality of X chromosome carried by mother
More common in male children
Characteristics include large head, jaw and outer ears, possible submucous clefts
Communication problems (apraxia and dysarthria, language delays) and intellectual disabilities, as well as attentional and repetitive behaviors may be present

50
Q

apert syndrome is the gentetic abnormality on the what chromosome (#)

A

10th chromosome,
Characterized by abnormal fusion of bones in face and palate and may have clefts and flat face and webbed fingers
May have speech and language difficulties impacting resonance (too much nasality or too little) , articulation or language problems

51
Q

Cri Du Chat (cry of the cat).. is the genetic chromosonal deletion of the (#) of chromosome

A 
deletion on the 5th chromosome 
low birthweight
high pitched cry like a cat
facial structures abnormalties, clefts
speech, hearing , language ,intellectual disabillities
52
Q

Fetal Alcohol syndrome

A

high consumption of alcohol by mother
low birth weight , small head, clefts, thin lip
learning and intellectual delays, language disorders

53
Q

Intellectual and learning disabillity

A

Formerly labeled mental retardation
Multiple causes that may include genetic causes, prematurity, diseases or infections in pregnancy, toxins(mercury or lead), brain abnormalities (ie. Microcephaly, hydrocephaly)
Can be mild, moderate or severe and impact speech and language as well as other cognitive skills often resulting in speech and language delays and disorders, academic and social delays requiring special education
Usually measured by performance on IQ tests (55-70 mild, 40-55 moderate)

54
Q

Aspergers syndrome (sheldone from big bang theory)

A

at the highest end of the autism spectrum
very intelligent and smart
fiaxted on certain areas

55
Q

three smallest bones in your body?

A

incus, mallus, stapes

hammer, anvil, stirrup

History 100-02 (3 decks)

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