Communication Disorders

Question 1

Brief Intro to Cleft Palate (what is it, where does it happen, how does it happen)

Answer 1

It is a craniofacial anamoly
it is the opening of the hard palate, above the hard palate (submucous cleft) , or the unilateral or bilateral cleft of the lip
due to the aberrant formation during development of palate in utero
can be due to genetics, environmental, or causes such as smoking, drinking, medications, drugs)

Question 2

Cleft is the lack of formation of? (2 bones, the two types of palates)
cause and effect

Answer 2

maxillary bones (2) and they grow inward to meet at midline forming the hard roof of the mouth at about 8 weeks of pregnancy

the soft palate or velum tissue also grows from lateral to midline and closes a few weeks after hard palate

because of this: an interruption in development may result in incomplete closure!

normal palates separate the oral from the nasal cavities allowing an individual to build pressure needed for speaking

Question 3

Incidence of cleft

Answer 3

1 in every 700 births in the U.S
the highest incidence in Chinese Americans
followed by native Americans
organizations like the smile train raise funding for surgery

Question 4

types of cleft palate

Answer 4

cleft of the hard palate- opening through the midline, although a partial can occur

submucous cleft- is the hidden cleft above the hard palate (bony), a sign is a nasal speech and bifid uvula

clefts of the lip- unliteral ( one side ) bilateral- both sides

Question 5

going into dept what are some other issues that cleft causes for a person? (FADS)

Answer 5

Feeding, Auditory, Dental, Speech)

Feeding-

Question 6

going into dept what are some other issues that cleft causes for a person? (FADS)

Answer 6

Feeding, Auditory, Dental, Speech)

Feeding- issues with eating, no separation between the oral and nasal cavities (can choke)

Auditory- impairment or fluctuations, hearing loss, malformed eustachian tubes or the physical arrangement of the ear causing middle ear infections

Dental- teeth are malformed, some are not even there, some are rotten at birth and need to be extracted = malocclusions

speech- like we know oral and nasal cavities are not separated and this can lead to a nasal sound ( problems with oral resonance, intraoral pressure ) people with cleft have a hard time building up a pressure with both cavities formed together (articulation errors)

Question 7

even when repaired are there still speech errors?

Answer 7

yes, with cleft being repaired there can be weakness in the soft palate (velum tissue) (necessary for closing off the velopharyngeal port)

Question 8

when surgery is necessary or wanted who is the team that helps? ( 9 people)

Answer 8

Surgeon and a plastic surgeon, speech therapist audiologist, parents, orthodontist, prosthodontist, social work and nursing)

therapy after is needed - bascially focusing on working on the formation of words,
the muscle weakness, the nasal (using a mirror), increase loudness, tactile cues to reinforce oral air flow

Question 9

Functional or idiopathic disorders means?

Answer 9

we cannot find a cause (medically)

Question 10

Organic or neurogenic disorders are when..

Answer 10

we can find the cause of the disorder (brain wise as well, through cat scans )

Question 11

what do we characterize normal communication as?

Answer 11

is based on the assumption of intact, normal functioning nerves, great structure ( brain, spinal, peripheral, articulators, and bony structures )

Question 12

Voluntary vs. automatic ( yes conscious.. but )

Answer 12

Voluntary implies conscious.. is where there is proper function between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the cortex
we do not have to think about it AUTOMATIC due to it have becoming a patterning

Question 13

Motor commands (N or pathways)

Answer 13

sent on nerves neural pathways for action (immediate)

Question 14

Sensory pathways (surroundings)

Answer 14

carry information to the brain about the environment

Question 15

Kinesthetic (think about where stars are)

Answer 15

sensation of body in space

Question 16

somatic sensation (ouch, or its hot)

Answer 16

pain, temp

Question 17

sensory

Answer 17

visual, hearing, smelling, facility, convert sensory through data that is understood through neurons and synapses

Question 18

The Nervous system

Answer 18

*A complex hierarchical structure
*Composed of around 100 billion neurons
Each neuron communicates directly with 2,000 other neurons
Interaction of neurons provides at least 1 trillion points of communication
Many motor functions automated by practice
Brain alone receives moré than 40,000 signals/sec
Cerebral cortex has up to 18 billion neurons/cubic millimeter and
Each cubic millimeter of gray matter has 100 billion synapses

Question 19

The 4 main lobes of the brain

Answer 19

frontal- contains motor strip and areas of speech (broca’s area)

parietal- sensory cortex

temporal- aduitory

occipital- visual

brainstem (homestasis), basal ganglia (helps regulate movement) , cerebellum - cordinates movement and balance)

Question 20

Aphasia ( what is it, why does it happen, what are the effects)

Answer 20

it is a language disorder due to a brain injury, secondary strokes, Causes difficulty in comprehension and/or expression of language and speech that varies with the specific damage to the brain. May cause difficulty with wordfinding, constructing grammatical sentences, articulation, understanding speech of others, reading and writing

Question 21

Hypo-nasality

Answer 21

not enough nasal

Question 22

hypernasality

Answer 22

too much nasal (not enough resonance)

Question 23

quality of voice

Answer 23

smooth, sexy, rich, pleasing, hoarse, harsh, breathy, nasaly

Question 24

Early organic theories for stuttering

Answer 24

Cerebral dominance, Pyscholingustic theory

Question 25

Cerebral Dominance theory

Answer 25

one hemisphere is usually dominant for language but requires perfectly timed and coordinated impulses to muscles (Orton, Van Riper 1971)

Question 26

Psycholinguistic theory

Answer 26

Psycholinguistic theory- suggest difficulty in timing/coordination may be due to a variety of neural dyssynchronies that cause of breakdown (Perkins 1991) *handedness

Question 27

what is a voice disorders

Answer 27

when the persons pitch, loudness, phonatory variations outside the normal range

Question 28

Down Syndrome

Answer 28

chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes, associated with the age of the mother but not always, child often has lower IQ and speech language difficulties, 1 I every 1000 births

Question 29

Enviromental theories to stuttering are..

Answer 29

Dianogensic, struggle theory, conditioned/learning

Question 30

Dianogensic

Answer 30

the person who is listening to the patient speak misdiagnoses a noraml dysfleuncy

Question 31

Frequency of voice (pitch)

Answer 31

how high or low a voice sounds determined by the mass, length, tension of te vocal cords and freqeuncy at which the cords vibrate

Question 32

pitchy disorders

Answer 32

too high or too low (gender, maturation, medications)

Question 33

Intensity disorders

Answer 33

too soft (not intelligble) respiratory, air pressure, control issues)

Question 34

receptive Aphasia

Answer 34

difficulty with comprehension due to the wernicks area of the brain

Question 35

expressive Aphasia

Answer 35

is due to the brocas area,

Question 36

if both apashias combined together

Answer 36

global aphasia

Question 37

Intensity of voice (DB, Hz

Answer 37

decibals, hertz the amp of the vibration of the movement of air particles greater force , louder voice situational need lung capacity. good breathing is critical

Question 38

strokes

Answer 38

``` 3rd leading cause of death in the us usually in adults over 55 is also known as CVA FAST face, arm, speech, time ```

Question 39

what causes strokes? (HAET

Answer 39

high cholesterol, anuerism- weak artery wall that bursts hemmoraghe embolism- blood clot or air bubble that abstructs blood flow tumors or infections thrombposis- blood clot blocking flow

Question 40

Strokes and aphasia could cause spoken issues such as | APNJA

Answer 40

anomia- word finding difficulty paraphasia- incorrect word sub neologisms- made up words jargon- fleunt but makes no sense to listeners agramatism- telegraphic speech dosent flow properl

Question 41

the goal of therapy with both is

Answer 41

functioal communication

Question 42

the importance of caregivers and family members is

Answer 42

knowledge about person, reinforcment and practice, emptional support, caring and loving them, provides info to therapist and other team members

Question 43

Apraxia is (what area) hint pattern

Answer 43

a motor planning disorder it has nothing to do with muscle weakness A difficulty executing movement pattern for speech in absence of physical weakness, paralysis or damage to muscles of speech but damage to Brocas area timing might be off, or intensity

Question 44

what is childhood apraxia? (what and how does it happen)

Answer 44

developmental axpraxia occurs in children delayed development of speech, known head injuries, or brain infections genetics more males than females

Question 45

types of cerbral palsy

Answer 45

spastic, athetoid, ataxic

Question 46

Spastic due to damage of the CCC | cortical..

Answer 46

Spastic-jerky, irregular, rigid, labored movement with scissor gait and “spastic” motions ( damage to cortical control centers)

Question 47

athetiod due to damage of the BG

Answer 47

basal ganglia... Athetoid-intentional movement is snakelike and writhing, drooling

Question 48

Ataxic due to the damage of the cere..

Answer 48

cerebellar.. hypotonia, flabby muscles, balance issues

Question 49

fragile x syndrome is a genetic.. (who does it affect more, and what are the causes)

Answer 49

Genetic abnormality of X chromosome carried by mother More common in male children Characteristics include large head, jaw and outer ears, possible submucous clefts Communication problems (apraxia and dysarthria, language delays) and intellectual disabilities, as well as attentional and repetitive behaviors may be present

Question 50

apert syndrome is the gentetic abnormality on the what chromosome (#)

Answer 50

10th chromosome, Characterized by abnormal fusion of bones in face and palate and may have clefts and flat face and webbed fingers May have speech and language difficulties impacting resonance (too much nasality or too little) , articulation or language problems

Question 51

Cri Du Chat (cry of the cat).. is the genetic chromosonal deletion of the (#) of chromosome

Answer 51

``` deletion on the 5th chromosome low birthweight high pitched cry like a cat facial structures abnormalties, clefts speech, hearing , language ,intellectual disabillities ```

Question 52

Fetal Alcohol syndrome

Answer 52

high consumption of alcohol by mother low birth weight , small head, clefts, thin lip learning and intellectual delays, language disorders

Question 53

Intellectual and learning disabillity

Answer 53

Formerly labeled mental retardation Multiple causes that may include genetic causes, prematurity, diseases or infections in pregnancy, toxins(mercury or lead), brain abnormalities (ie. Microcephaly, hydrocephaly) Can be mild, moderate or severe and impact speech and language as well as other cognitive skills often resulting in speech and language delays and disorders, academic and social delays requiring special education Usually measured by performance on IQ tests (55-70 mild, 40-55 moderate)

Question 54

Aspergers syndrome (sheldone from big bang theory)

Answer 54

at the highest end of the autism spectrum very intelligent and smart fiaxted on certain areas

Question 55

three smallest bones in your body?

Answer 55

incus, mallus, stapes | hammer, anvil, stirrup