Communication and homeostasis 5.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a stimulus?

A

response to a change in the environment

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2
Q

how are stimulus detected?

A

by receptors

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3
Q

what is an effector?

A

brings out a response

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4
Q

what are examples of effectors?

A

muscle/glands

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5
Q

how does the body maintain the internal environment once too much carbon dioxide has been produced?

A

. reduced pH detected
. greater breathing activity
. expels CO2 out of the body
. reduces respiration rate

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6
Q

why do multicellular organisms need a communication system?

A

respond to changes in the internal and external
environment

to coordinate the activities of
different organs

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7
Q

in what ways do organisms response to a stimulus?

A

changes its behaviour/physiology

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8
Q

give three examples of stimuli an organism could respond to

A

. changes in temperature
. predation
. light intensity

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9
Q

define paracrine signalling

A

signalling between cells that are close together (adjacent)

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10
Q

define endocrine signalling

A

signalling between cells that are far apart, which involves the signalling molecule being transported in the circulatory system (distant)

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11
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

to keep the body conditions at an optimum

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12
Q

explain the negative feedback loop

A

. A receptor (or sensor) โ€“ to detect a stimulus

. A coordination system (nervous system and endocrine system) โ€“ to transfer information between different parts of the body

. An effector (muscles and glands) โ€“ to carry out a response

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13
Q

why is homeostasis important- 1st reason

A

enzyme activity- maintains pH and temperature in the body

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14
Q

why is homeostasis important- 2nd reason

A

cell size- changes in water potential affects the amount of water in tissue fluid and cells which can cause it to swell, burst or shrink

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15
Q

why is homeostasis important- 3rd reason

A

independence from external conditions- animals with a constant internal environment can maintain a constant level of activity regardless of their environment

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16
Q

how is negative feedback controlled

A

. receptors detect a change in stimulus which triggers a corrective mechanism when the factor is too low or too high

17
Q

what is positive feedback?

A

enhance the effect of the original stimulus

18
Q

give an example for when positive feedback is used

A

during childbirth, hormone oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions

this triggers a positive feedback reaction and more oxytocin is released initiating more contractions

19
Q

define thermoregulation

A

regulation of body temperature at an optimum

20
Q

why is thermoregulation important

A

maintain body at optimum temperatures for enzymes to work

21
Q

describe ectotherms and give examples

A

unable to maintain internal body conditions so rely on external sources such as sunlight

e.g reptiles and amphibians

22
Q

describe endotherms and give examples

A

theyโ€™re able to generate their heat metabolically by maintaining a constant internal body temperature.

e.g mammals and birds

23
Q

what are ways ectotherms control their body temperatures when it is too cold?

A

basking - absorb energy from sun
changing colour to absorb more heat
increase surface area , absorb more heat

24
Q

what are ways ectotherms control their body temperatures when it is too hot?

A

shelter in burrows- keep cool
move to somewhere shady

25
Q

what are the advantages of ectothermy?

A

less food used in respiration
more energy/nutrients gained from food can be converted to growth
need to find less food
can survive long periods without food

26
Q

what are the disadvantages of ectothermy?

A

less active in cooler temperatures
at risk from predators
cant take advantage of food availability when cold