Communication

Question 1

Accepting

Answer 1

A listener does not express agreement or disagreement with the speaker. This allows the speaker to be completely open about expressing ideas about his/her speech.

Question 2

Analyzing

Answer 2

Being able to evaluate/measure the content of one’s own spoken messages along with the content and message of others.

Analyzing skills need to be modeled and taught.

Question 3

Clarifying

Answer 3

Asking questions of a speaker and paraphrasing what you think has been said.

Questions might be asked, such as “Is this what you are saying about…?” or “Am I understanding you correctly about…?”

Question 4

Cognates

Answer 4

Words in two languages that share a similar meaning, spelling, and pronunciation.

Examples are family-familia; computer-computadora, and bicycle-bicicleta.

Question 5

Colloquial Writing and Speaking

Answer 5

The use of everyday language such as in text messaging and emails.

Question 6

Confirming

Answer 6

Repeating or paraphrasing what has been said by the speaker in order to ensure that you understand what the speaker is explaining.

Question 7

Connotative Meaning

Answer 7

The various hints/suggestions of the meaning of a word or visual image.

Question 8

Denotative Meaning

Answer 8

The very specific definition of a word or visual image.

Question 9

ELL

Answer 9

Students whose native language is not English.

Question 10

Empathizing

Answer 10

Understanding and sympathizing with the feelings of another, such as of the speaker to an audience or an author of a written text.

Empathizing is trying to see the speakers point of view – active listening.

Question 11

English Language Proficiency Levels

Answer 11

Emerging –

• Level 1 – Use/understand single words & chunks
• Level 2 – Use/ understand phrases/short sentences

Expanding –

• Level 3 – Use/ understand a series of related sentences
• Level 4 – Use/understand many complex sentences

Bridging –

• Level 5 -Use/understand linguistically complex sentences

Question 12

Formal Language

Answer 12

Formal language is typically used in business, government, and the academic world. It is written for an audience who is already familiar with the topic.

Question 13

Formality

Vs

Informality

Answer 13

The way in which we use language in writing and speaking.

Two issues are relevant:

• The audience to whom you are speaking/writing
• Your goals

Question 14

Functions/Purposes Of Media

Answer 14

Persuasion

• Ex: commercials, political ads

Information

• Ex: newspapers, documentaries

Entertainment

• Ex: movies, television, games

Education

• Ex: educational TV programs

Question 15

Informal Language

Answer 15

Informal language uses everyday rules of English but can use contractions and sentence fragments. It is usually for a broad audience.

Ex: Blogging

Question 16

Inversions

Answer 16

• The placement of a verb before its subject and can grammatically be correct or incorrect.

Ex: Where were you today?

• Another meaning of inversion in lower elementary school is reading words in reverse order such as “god” instead of “dog”.

Question 17

Listening Comprehension

Answer 17

Listening and understanding what we hear. In order to comprehend what is heard, the listener should

1. Recall background knowledge about topic
2. Listen for the main idea of the topic
3. Try to predict what the speaker will say based on background knowledge
4. Draw inferences about what is being said
5. Summarize in your mind (or on paper) the key points of what has been said–in your own words

Question 18

Morpheme

Answer 18

A combination of sounds that has meaning in speech or writing; a morpheme cannot be divided into smaller grammatical parts.

Examples: write, cat, laugh, and box. Also, prefixes and suffixes are morphemes that carry meaning such as contra-, a-, an-, and pre-

Question 19

Oral Language Assessment

Answer 19

Performed with either formal or informal assessments. The goal is to listen, analyze, and record brief episodes of students’ oral language.

These assessments provide information about students’ needs, strengths, and interests, and what will be the next steps to support their growth.

Question 20

Oral Language Skills

Answer 20

Oral language is the system that relates sounds to meanings by communicating through word of mouth; it includes both listening and speaking.

Some of the oral language skills needed for students in early grades include

• Listen when someone speaks
• Join in conversation with others and takes turns speaking
• Use social standards, such as “Excuse me,” “Please,” and “Thank you”–but may need reminders at times.

Question 21

Oral Presentation

Answer 21

The ability to report on a topic or text, tell a story, or relate an experience with appropriate facts including relevant details.

Students need to:

• Speak in complete sentences
• Look at their audience

Question 22

Oral Vocabulary

Answer 22

Words that are used in speaking or that are recognized in listening.

Question 23

Orthography

Answer 23

Spelling Patterns

Question 24

Paraphrasing

Answer 24

Taking the key points and meaning of what has been said and expressing these points using different/your own words.

Question 25

Phonemes

Answer 25

The smallest individual sounds in a word.

Ex: “Bit” has three phonemes: b – i – t.

Question 26

Phonetics

Answer 26

The sound of human speech

Question 27

Pragmatics

Answer 27

The study of language in use, NOT in its structure.

Pragmatics studies the appropriate use of language. One needs to be competent in pragmatics in order to communicate in a competent manner.

Question 28

Pragmatic Language Use

Answer 28

The social language skills we use in our daily conversations with others. The skills guide what we say, how we say it, our body language, and whether it is appropriate in a given situation.

Ex of some pragmatic language skills:

• Taking turns
• Making eye contact
• Asking appropriate questions
• Asking for clarifications

Question 29

Probing

Answer 29

Asking questions of a speaker in order to get more information and also to clarify any misunderstandings.

Question 30

Rubric

Answer 30

A scoring guide based on several criteria rather than a single numerical score.

A rubric for one state’s mandated writing test has the possibility of a score of 4 under each of the five assessment criteria:

1. Focus and coherence
2. Organization
3. Development of ideas
4. Voice and writing conventions

Question 31

Semantics

Answer 31

The study of word or symbol meaning.

Examples of semantic usage are: “I love…” can have many different meanings, and “Raining cats and dogs” does not literally mean what it says.

Question 32

Segmentation

Answer 32

Segmentation is breaking something into parts. In oral language development, segmentation usually refers to hearing and recognizing parts of words.

Question 33

Strategies That Can Be Used To Enhance Oral Language Development

Answer 33

• Giving children many opportunities to talk / listen / or participate in poetry, songs, etc. – promote discussion
• Provide a risk-free environment
• Work in small groups playing, listening to stories, etc.
• Having the students name and then describe various objects
• Experiencing the world through center work, field trips, science experiments, library, instruction, etc.
• Use show-and-tell to build oral language skills.
• Modeling for students and repeatedly discussing the importance of looking at their audience/speaking clearly
• Utilizing technology

Question 34

Syntax

Answer 34

Rules that govern the construction of words in order to make phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Syntax includes subject-verb agreement.

Subject-Verb Agreement : A singular subject (she, Bill, car) takes a singular verb (is, goes, shines), whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb.

Question 35

Validating

Answer 35

Listening openly and with empathy while affirming in an interesting way. This usually also involves eye contact.

Question 36

Vocabulary

Answer 36

The knowledge of the meaning and pronunciation of words.