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NURS 1170: Relational Practice > Communication > Flashcards

Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we communicate?

A

We are wired for communication.
Communication and relationships are rewarding.
To fulfill social, physical and identity needs and achieve practical goals.

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2
Q

Physical needs and communication

A

Negative relationships have negative affects on health.
Marriage, friends, religious and community ties increase longevity.
Positive relationships increase memory, increase intellectual function, and decrease stress hormones.

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3
Q

Identity needs and communication

A

We enter the world with no identity and we learn about ourselves from others. Interactions with other people help us learn about ourselves from seeing how people react to us. No communication leads to no sense of self.

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4
Q

Social needs and communication

A

Communication helps satisfy need for pleasure, affection, companionship, escape, relaxation and control. People with a rich social life are happy. However, there is a decline in close relationships. Educated people tend to have larger and more diverse networks.

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5
Q

Practical goals

A

They are instrumental goals that aim at getting things done. Some are basic and some are more important. Effective communication increases career success. Skills such as speaking, listening, reading, writing, problem solving, positive attitudes, positive behaviour and adaptability are all important.

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6
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (bottom up)

A

Physical needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem, self-actualization.

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7
Q

Linear communication model

A

Communication is a one-way event where the sender encodes a message, sends it through a channel where it is received by the receiver who must decode it while dealing with noise.

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8
Q

Transactional communication model

A

Communication is ongoing and irreversible. Both people are sender and receiver at the same time, while in a different and overlapping environment.

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9
Q

Environment

A

Experience and cultural background that lead a person to make sense of another person’s behaviour. it is not always obvious.

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10
Q

How does environment effect communication?

A

A smaller shared environment increases difficulty in communication.

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11
Q

Noise

A

Distractions that interfere with transmission. It ca be external, physiological or psychological.

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12
Q

Interpersonal communication

A

Continuous transactional process involving participants with different and overlapping environments, who create relationships with the exchange of messages, many of which are effected by noise.

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13
Q

Communication principles

A
  1. It can be intentional or unintentional.
  2. It is irreversible.
  3. It’s not impossible.
  4. It is unrepeatable.
  5. It has context and relational dimensions.
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14
Q

Communication misconceptions

A
  1. More is always better.
  2. Meanings are in words.
  3. Successful communication always involves understanding.
  4. Single person can cause another person’s reactions.
  5. It solves all problems.
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15
Q

Quantitive definition of interpersonal interaction

A

Interpersonal communication is face to face between two people.

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16
Q

Impersonal communication

A

Treats people as objects as opposed to individuals.

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17
Q

Qualitive definition of interpersonal communication

A

Parties consider each other unique individuals. It is characterized by minimal use of labels, unique idosyncratic rules and high exchange of information.

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18
Q

Relational culture

A

Describes people in close relationships who create their own unique ways of interacting.

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19
Q

Features of qualitative interpersonal relationships

A
  1. Irreplacability
  2. Interdependence
  3. Uniqueness
  4. Disclosure
  5. Intrinsic rewards
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20
Q

Balance of personal and impersonal

A

Most relationships fall on a spectrum. The balance in relationships changes overtime.

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21
Q

Mediated communication

A

The use of computer based tools for human interaction.

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22
Q

Benefits to mediated communication

A
  1. It does not threaten relationships.
  2. Families are more likely to stay in touch.
  3. It enriches networks between generations.
  4. Asynchronous nature allows connection in different time zones.
  5. It promotes and reinforces communication.
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23
Q

Challenges of mediated communication

A
  1. Leaner messages from lack of nonverbal cues, careful management of identity or hyper personal interactions.
  2. Disinhibition
  3. Permanence
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24
Q

Communication competence

A

The ability to accomplish personal goals so it enhances and maintains relationships.

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25
Q

Characteristics of communication competence

A
  1. There is no ideal way.
  2. It is situational.
  3. It is relational.
  4. It can be learned.
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26
Q

Characteristics of competent communicators

A
  1. They have a wide range of behaviours.
  2. Ability to choose appropriate behaviours according to context, goals and knowledge of person.
  3. Skills at performing behaviours.
  4. Cognitive capacity
  5. Empathy
  6. Self monitoring
  7. Commitment
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27
Q

Competence in Intercultural Communication

A
  1. Motivation to communicate with other cultures.
  2. Tolerance for ambiguity
  3. Open mindedness
  4. Knowledge and skills
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28
Q

Communication in the workplace

A

On the job communication can affect life and death. There are clashes between generations who value hierarchy and those who value teamwork.

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29
Q

Organizational communication theory

A

Communication activities create patterns that affect organizational life.

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30
Q

Active listening

A

Giving careful and thoughtful attention and responses when we receive messages. It involves paraphrasing what someone says and giving a thoughtful response.

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31
Q

Critical listening

A

Evaluating and judging messages

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32
Q

Empathetic listening

A

Mutual trust and understanding about what someone said.

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33
Q

Hearing

A

Physiological dimension of hearing influenced by background noise.

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34
Q

Attending

A

Process of filtering out some messages and focusing on others.

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35
Q

Understanding

A

Making sense of a message received.

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36
Q

Listening fidelity

A

Degree of congruence between what the listener understood and what sender conveys.

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37
Q

Responding

A

Giving observable feedback to speaker. We respond as we receive.

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38
Q

Sender

A

Creator of message

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39
Q

Encode

A

Put message into words

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40
Q

Decode

A

Making sense of a message

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41
Q

Medium

A

Where message passes from sender to receiver.

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42
Q

Characteristics of any relationship

A
  1. Affinity: appreciation for each other.
  2. Immediacy: degree of intent or intention.
  3. Respect: need to be held esteem by others.
  4. Control: degree influence of one person.
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43
Q

Meta communication

A

Message that exchanges information about the relationship. It is helpful for solving problems.

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44
Q

Types of relationships

A
  1. Social: short time and intimacy
  2. Close: friend, romantic, marital, family
  3. Therapeutic: purposeful and direct; helper/helpee
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45
Q

Open question

A

Allows for variety of answers and expressions of how one thinks and feels

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46
Q

Closed question

A

Yes or no questions

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47
Q

Receiver

A

Attends the message

48
Q

Prompting

A

Use of silence and brief encouragement

49
Q

Primary Question

A

Introduces topic at the beginning of the interview

50
Q

Secondary question

A

Adds more information

51
Q

Sincere question

A

Asks about the person, no hidden agenda

52
Q

Counterfeit question

A

Traps the speaker, can be a tag question, makes a statement, hidden agenda, makes a assumption, seeks “correct” answer

53
Q

Communication climate

A

The emotional tone of a relationship between two or more people.

54
Q

Development of communication climate

A

It developed as soon as two people begin interacting. They form spirals.

55
Q

Spiral

A

Reciprocative communication where one person’s emotions influences another person’s emotions. Can be positive or negative.

56
Q

Ecsalatory conflict spiral

A

One attack leads to another until skirmish escalates into a full fledged war

57
Q

Desecalatory conflict spiral

A

Parties slowly lessen dependence on one another, withdraw and become less invested

58
Q

Confirming responses

A

Message that expresses caring or respect for one another. Requires recognition, acknowledgement and endorsement.

59
Q

Disconfirming responses

A

Message that expresses a lack of caring or respect.

60
Q

Types of disconfirming messages

A
  1. Impervious response: no reaction
  2. Interrupting
  3. Irrelevant response
  4. Tangental response: shifts conversation
  5. Impersonal response: uses clichés
  6. Ambiguous response
  7. Incongruous response: verbal message does not match nonverbal message
61
Q

Disagreeing messages

A

In between confirming and disconfirming. Tell someone “you’re wrong”

62
Q

Types of disagreeing messages

A
  1. Agressiveness
  2. Complaining
  3. Argumentativeness
63
Q

Defensiveness

A

Attempt to protect a presenting image one believes is being attacked

64
Q

Face threatening act

A

Behaviour by another person that is perceived as attacking someone’s face or image.

65
Q

Defensive Behaviour

A
  1. Evaluative
  2. Controlling
  3. Strategy
  4. Neutrality
  5. Superiority
  6. Certainty
66
Q

Supportive behaviour

A
  1. Descriptive
  2. Problem orientation
  3. Spontaneity
  4. Empathy
  5. Equality
  6. Provisionalism
67
Q

Evaluative communication

A

Sender judges receiver resulting in a defensive response, uses “you” statements.

68
Q

Descriptive behaviour

A

Describes speaker’s feelings without evaluating others using “I” statements.

69
Q

Controlling communication

A

Sender tries to impose an outcome on the receiver.

70
Q

Problem orientation

A

Seeking way to solve problem so it solves everyone’s needs. Focus on working to solve problems instead of imposing an outcome.

71
Q

Strategy

A

Speaker hides ulterior motives. Characterized by dishonesty and manipulation

72
Q

Spontaneity

A

Sender expresses message without any attempt to manipulate the receiver

73
Q

Neutrality

A

Indifference towards receiver

74
Q

Empathy

A

Projecting oneself into another person’s point of view to experience their thoughts and feelings

75
Q

Superiority

A

Implies receiver is not worthy of respect. Suggests “I’m better than you”

76
Q

Equality

A

Both communicators see each other as being worthy of respect.

77
Q

Certainty

A

Dogmatically implies that the speaker has all the facts and is correct while everyone else is wrong.

78
Q

Provisionalism

A

Sender implies willingness to consider the other person’s perspective.

79
Q

Goal of listening

A

Understanding what people said

80
Q

Remembering

A

Ability to recall information

81
Q

Elements of the Listening process

A
  1. Hearing
  2. Attending
  3. Understanding
  4. Responding
  5. Remembering
82
Q

Types of Nonlistening

A
  1. Pseudolistening
  2. Stage-hogging
  3. Selective listening
  4. Insulated listening
  5. Defensive listening
  6. Ambushing
  7. Insensitive listening
83
Q

Why we don’t listen better

A
  1. Message overload
  2. Preoccupation
  3. Rapid thought
  4. Effort
  5. External noise
  6. Faulty Assumptions
  7. Lack of apparent advantages
  8. Lack of training
  9. Hearing problems
  10. Media influences
84
Q

How to improve listening

A
  1. Talk less
  2. Get rid of distractions
  3. Don’t judge prematurely
  4. Look for key ideas
  5. Ask questions
  6. Paraphrase
85
Q

Types of listening responses

A
  1. Prompting
  2. Questioning
  3. Paraphrasing
  4. Supporting
  5. Analyzing
  6. Advising
  7. Judging
86
Q

When is questioning effective?

A

When it assists with better understanding, clarifies the issue and examines the issue in more detail.

87
Q

When isn’t questioning effective?

A

When it’s used to distract from the issue, satisfies curiosity and disguises suggestions and critiques.

88
Q

When is supporting effective?

A

When there is agreement, offer to help, praise, reassurance and are empathetic. Diversion can be used if appropriate.

89
Q

When isn’t supporting effective?

A

When you are denying right to feelings, minimizing significance of the issue, focusing on future rather than present and are judging.

90
Q

When is analyzing effective?

A

When it creates clarity, helps the person look at issues in a different way, you are tentative and the person is ready to hear from you.

91
Q

When isn’t analyzing effective?

A

When it causes the speaker to become defensive and when the incorrect interpretation causes more confusion.

92
Q

When is advising effective?

A

When you know what you’re saying is accurate, when they want your advice and when you take responsibility when it does not work.

93
Q

When isn’t advising effective?

A

If it doesn’t work with the other person and if the don’t want the advice.

94
Q

When is judging effective?

A

The person asked for it and the response is constructive.

95
Q

When isn’t judging effective?

A

When it is interpreted as a critical “slap” or it implies you are qualified to pass judgement.

96
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

Messages expressed by other than linguistic means. It is continuous. It can be intentional or unintentional.

97
Q

Vital skills for nonverbal communication

A

Effective personal nonverbal skills and the ability to read and respond to nonverbal cues.

98
Q

Function of nonverbal communication

A
  1. Repeat content of nonverbal messages
  2. Complement verbal communication
  3. Substituting verbal messages
  4. Accenting parts of verbal
  5. Regulating verbal communication
  6. Contradiction
  7. Mixed messages
99
Q

Leakage

A

Reveals information that the communicator does not verbally disclose.

100
Q

Deception cues

A

Cues that signal untruthfulness.

101
Q

When are deception cues more likely?

A
  1. Wanting to hide emotion
  2. Feeling strongly about information
  3. Feeling apprehensive or guilty
  4. Getting little enjoyment
  5. No time to rehearse
  6. Knows there is severe punishment
102
Q

Cultural influences on nonverbal cues

A

Many factors include differences in meaning, interpretation, eye contact, gestures, social distance, and time use are all different. Smiling, laughing and crying are all universal.

103
Q

Gesture

A

Motion of the body that has communicative value. It includes illustrators, emblems and adaptors.

104
Q

Illustrator

A

Accompanies speech, does not stand alone.

105
Q

Emblems

A

Nonverbal with precise meaning known to everyone.

106
Q

Adaptors

A

Movement where one part of the body grooms, touches, holds, pinches or manipulates another one. It is an unconscious response to the environment.

107
Q

Face and eyes

A

There are multiple facial expressions and expression combinations possible. They change rapidly.

108
Q

Microexpressions

A

Brief facial expressions that may convey true feelings.

109
Q

What do eyes convey?

A

Emotion, social attitudes, interest, submission and dominance.

110
Q

Individual factors

A

Includes voice, touch, appearance, physical attributes and clothing.

111
Q

Proxemics

A

How people and animals use space. Different zones are reserved for different relationships.

112
Q

Territoriality

A

The notion that an area is reserved for an individual or a group of individuals.

113
Q

Territory

A

Station or area claimed by an individual or a group of individuals

114
Q

Physical environment

A

Home designs and interior designs communicate impressions of individuals and affects the interactions taking place in them.

115
Q

Chromenics

A

How people use and structure time. Can communicate how important someone is. Expresses intentional and unintentional message. Time is based on a person’s status. Time spent with someone shows how much you value them.

NURS 1170: Relational Practice (1 decks)

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