Communication Flashcards
define communication
the exchanging of information by speaking, writing or using some other medium
define verbal communication
the process of using spoken words to express ideas, thoughts and feelings to others
define non-verbal communication
how people share information without speaking
define pitch
the relative highness or lowness of a tone
define tone
a potent tool in expressing sentiments, emotions, disposition and objectives
define body language
the science of nonverbal signs such as gestures, facial expressions and eye gaze that communicate a person’s emotions and intentions
give the 6 types of nonverbal communication
touch/ contact
gestures
proximity
posture
facial expressions
active/ reflective listening
define effective questioning
using questions to open conversations, inspire deep intellectual thought and promote 1:1 or group interaction
define active listening
listening attentively to a speaker, understanding what they’re saying, responding , reflecting and retaining the information for later
define dialect
different forms of language/speech to do with different groups of people
define jargon
a specialized language that is used by people with a particular, professional, social or cultural group
define accent
the way in which people from different areas, countries, or social class pronounce words
define pace, tone and pitch
vocal techniques that refer to the speed, emotion and quality of your voice
define non-discriminatory language
language that is fair and unbiased about a group or type of person
define argyle’s theory of communication cycle
the theory that communication involves a continuous cycle of sending and receiving messages between 2 or more individuals.
what does argyle’s theory emphasize the importance of?
feedback and how communication is a 2-way process
name argyle’s 6 key stages
ideas occur
encoding
transmission
decoding
understanding
feedback
explain argyle’s 1st key stage of his theory
ideas occur
- the 1st stage involves the generation of ideas/ thoughts by the sender. these ideas form the basis of the message that will be communicated
explain argyle’s 2nd key stage of his theory
encoding
- where the sender converts their thoughts into a verbal or non-verbal message. this could involve choosing the right body language, tone, gestures or words to express the intended meaning
explain argyle’s 3rd key stage of his theory
transmission
- where the encoded message is transmitted or delivered to the receiver through a chosen channel such as:
face to face conversation
phone call
email
or text message
explain argyle’s 4th key stage of his theory
decoding
- where upon receiving the message, the receiver interprets and decodes the information. this involves
understanding the words
analysing the non-verbal cues
extracting the meaning intended by the sender
explain argyle’s 5th key stage of his theory
understanding
- where the receiver’s successful decoding of the message leads to understanding. this stage is crucial as it ensures the meaning of the message is accurately comprehended.
explain argyle’s 6th key stage of his theory
feedback
- completes the communication cycle
- where the receiver responds to the sender, providing their own message as ‘feedback’, which allows the sender to gauge the effectiveness of their communication and make necessary adjustments if required
give argyle’s 6 key principles for facilitating effective communication
`1) non-verbal communication
2) listening skills
3) clarity and simplicity
4) empathy
5) context and cultural awareness
6) adaptability
define SOLER
a method of actively listening to people
give what SOLER is an acronym for and explain each one
S: sitting squarely: sitting and facing the person you are talking to, sitting attentively at an angle to the person
O: open posture: not crossing your arms as it can appear as anxious or defensive
L: lean forwards to show we are interested in what the person is talking about
E: eye contact: maintaining eye contact in showing we are interested and listening to what the person has to say
R: relaxed body language: shows the person how you’re not in a rush to get away
give 4 types of communication problems
stammer
cleft plate
brain injury
hearing problem
give the 6 alternative communication types
communication aids
makaton
sign language
bsl
sse
tactile signing
why might someone have problems communicating?
physical health issue: like a hearing or eyesight problem
developmental disorder: like alzheimers or a stroke
define deafblind
where people have a sight and hearing impairment
which charity supports those who are deafblind?
sense
define language disorders
problems of understanding or using words which can be triggered by a stroke or brain injury
define selective mutism
aka phobia of talking
an anxiety disorder that stops children from speaking in certain social situations such as in school or public
the children can be able to speak freely amongst friends and family
how can someone with communication problems after a stroke regain their speech and communication skills?
by being referred to a speech and language therapist
what charity supports those with stroke-related illnesses and disabilities?
the stroke association
what is aac devices short for?
augmentative and alternative communication devices
define aac devices
a device that has been designed to help someone communicate
define sign language
a way of communicating visually using:
hand gestures
facial expressions
and body language
define BSL
using hand gestures, finger spelling, lip patterns and facial expressions to communicate
define sse
sign supported english
doesn’t require any knowledge of bsl grammar structure
it is a BSL variation, where the structure and grammar are based on spoken english, meaning signs follow in the exact order that they would be spoken
define tactile signing
where words are spelt out on the back of an individual’s hand
a communication method normally used for those who are deafblind
use the deafblind manual alphabet and block
define makaton
a communication method which uses a combination of picture symbols and hand gestures that are similar to BSL and speech
define unaided communication and give examples
communication that only uses the body
like:
- gestures
- body language
- facial expressions
- signing
define aided communication and give examples
communication that uses tools, objects or devices
like:
- pictures
- symbols
- communication boards and books
- aac devices
give the 2 types of communication aids
electronic aac devices
paper-based aac devices
give the 4 examples of aac communication aids
VOCAS
PECS
Communication books
E-tran frames
define VOCAs
voice output communication aids
devices that allow non-speaking people to communicate with speech
some VOCA are synthesised or use a real voice
how do VOCAs work?
they are devices which look like an iPad, where the user clicks on letters or pictures either on buttons or touchscreen and the VOCA voices what they’ve clicked
define PECS
picture exchange communication system
a way of communicating using simple pictures
define communication books
a special book or ring binder that has symbols and pictures inside it
define E-tran frames
plastic sheets that have pictures/ symbols stuck onto them
