Communication

Question 1

Lexis Nexis

Answer 1

a vast database used for locating numerous types of information including news stories

Question 2

Alta Vista

Answer 2

search engine

Question 3

Effective Downward Communication

Answer 3

information from supervisor to subordinate

Question 4

Inverted Pyramid

Answer 4

the most important points and details are presented first. Additional details follow, in order of lessening importance. This allows readers to get the main idea quickly, but does not require complete reading to understand.

Question 5

Optimized Press Release

Answer 5

intended for the online audience. Skillful writers can include keywords that produce high rankings on search engines, optimizing readers reached.

Question 6

4 Stages of Receiving Information

Answer 6

awareness, comprehension, conviction, and commitment

Question 7

“not for attribution”

Answer 7

the reporter not credit the source directly when using the information supplied

Question 8

conviction

Answer 8

matching the understanding with our own ideas and views

Question 9

commitment

Answer 9

making decisions or forming opinions based on the message

Question 10

actualities

Answer 10

Recorded or live commentary, which is especially important to a news medium with no visual aspect.

Question 11

lateral communications system

Answer 11

usually part of an informal system, linking employees at similar levels of responsibility that do not work directly together. Management should recognize the importance of this type of communication as well as the risk it poses to bypassing the chain of command.

Question 12

advance story

Answer 12

a story highlighting an upcoming event oftentimes in conjecture with the media

Question 13

Freedom of information (FOI) laws

Answer 13

allow public access to all government records. There are some limitations regarding classified information and government agencies can charge reasonable fees to provide the information.

Question 14

Agenda-setting theory

Answer 14

describes the ability of the news media to influence the priority of topics on the public agenda. That is if a news item is covered frequently and prominently the audience will regard the issue as more important.

Question 15

The Cultivation theory

Answer 15

examines the long-term effects of television. The primary proposition of cultivation theory states that the more time people spend “living” in the television world, the more likely they are to believe social reality portrayed on television. Under this umbrella, perceptions of the world are heavily influenced by the images and ideological messages transmitted through popular television media.

Question 16

Framing theory

Answer 16

the media focuses attention on certain events and then places them within a field of meaning. Frames are abstractions that work to organize or structure message meaning. Frames are thought to influence the perception of the news by the audience, in this way it could be construed as a form of second level agenda-setting - they not only tell the audience what to think about (agenda-setting theory), but also how to think about that issue (second level agenda setting, framing theory).

Question 17

The Priming theory

Answer 17

states that the human brain can be primed to notice things that it ordinarily would completely overlook. The same thing happens when the press begins spending time on an issue that might ordinarily simmer on a back burner, once the issue becomes news, it tends to become relevant. When the public begins to view a candidate in light of a particular issue that has been brought up by the media even though it was not a consideration prior to its introduction, it is an example of priming effect. It is believed that through this theory the media has the power to control how audiences interpret new information.
An example of Priming: the media easily influences children and their behavior can be based on the contents shown in the television. E.g. a child tends to enact the qualities of their favorite character in movies and tend to display their characteristics.

Question 18

The Independent

Answer 18

a daily Newspaper published in the UK

Question 19

Time Out

Answer 19

a London based magazine publication created in 1968.

Question 20

The Daily Herald

Answer 20

Suburban Chicago’s largest daily newspaper

Question 21

The Observer

Answer 21

a British Newspaper published on Sundays. It was first published in 1791 and is the world’s oldest Sunday newspaper.

Question 22

The Communication Decency Act of 1996 (CDA)

Answer 22

also known by some legislators as the “Great Internet Sex Panic of 1995”, was the first notable attempt by the United States Congress to regulate pornographic material on the Internet. In 1997, in the landmark cyberlaw case of RENO v. ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union)the United States Supreme Court struck down anti-indecency provisions of the Communications Decency Act (CDA), because they violate the First Amendment’s guarantee of freedom of speech. This was the first major Supreme Court ruling on the regulation of materials distributed via the Internet.

Question 23

Equal Time Rule

Answer 23

specifies that U.S. radio and television broadcast stations must provide an equivalent opportunity to any opposing political candidates who request it. This means, for example, that if a station gives a certain amount of time to a candidate in prime time, it must do the same for another candidate who requests it, at the same price if applicable. The equal-time rule was created because the FCC thought the stations could easily manipulate the outcome of elections by presenting just one point of view, and excluding other candidates. It should not be confused with the now-defunct Fairness Doctrine, which dealt with presenting balanced points of view on matters of public importance.