Communicable Diseases B5+6 Flashcards
Communicable disease definition
Are caused by pathogens and can be spread
Pathogens
Micro organisms that cause disease
Measles pathogen
Virus
Measles symptoms
Red rash spreads over body, high temperature, red sore eyes
Measles treatment
Take ibuprofen, drink fluids, highly contagious so no work or school
Measles transmission and prevention
Transmission- tiny drops of saliva when people cough/ sneeze (live on surfaces for several hours affecting people in contact)
Prevention- having MMR (measles, mumps and rubella vaccine) given 12 months before child starts school
HIV pathogen
Virus
HIV symptoms
-Flu like illness 2-6 weeks after infection
-May feel well and not get any symptoms for years but destroying immune system.
HIV treatment
Tablets everyday different combos required over time
-antiretroviral medications to prevent multiplying
Transmission and prevention of HIV
Transmission:
-bodily fluids during sex/sharing needles/or mother to baby during pregnancy or breastfeeding
Prevention:
-physical sex protection (condoms)
-vaccination
Required Practical- testing antiseptics and antibiotics AIM
To investigate the effect of antiseptics and antibiotics on the growth of bacteria
Required Practical- testing antiseptics and antibiotics DV,IV,
IV: different types of antibiotics and antiseptics
DV: growth of bacteria (measure zone- area- of inhibition)
Required practical- testing antiseptics and antibiotics CONTROLS
Controls
-Concentration of antiseptic
-Temp
-Nutrient
-Species of bacteria
Disinfectants definition
Applied to surface to kill pathogens (eg bleach)
Antiseptics
Topically applied to skin (eg. hand washes)
Antibiotics definition
Taken internally to kill bacteria only (eg penicillen)
Painkillers definition
Medicine that treats symptoms of disease but has no effect on the pathogen
Why do cells burst in presence of antibiotics and why do they not effect human cells
-water enters the bacterial cell by osmosis
-so damaged/ no cell wall cannot withstand pressure and they burst
-don’t effect human cells and they do not have cell wall
RP- Testing antiseptics and antibiotics
1- work in sterile environment so bacteria doesn’t infect
2- set up station disinfected laminated sheet and Petri dish with agar gel (lid on)
3-open bacteria bottle keep lid near neck and flame neck few times (sterilize)
4-flam inoculating loop till burn red leave to cool for sec so doesn’t kill bacteria
5-dip in bac spread in zigzag on gel
6-place loop in disinfectant lift Petri dish at 45 degree very little
7- tape 2 or 4 vertical strips so oxygen can get in around dish
8-sterilize bacteria bottle again and put lid on
Role of white blood cell (phagocyte)
Ingest pathogens destroying them
Role of white blood cells (lymphocytes)
Produce special protein (antibodies)
which can be made quickly by memory cells if pathogen gets in again
White blood cell roles
Produce antitoxins which counteract toxins released by bacteria
Antibodies
Protein that target particular bacteria or viruses and destroy them. They are complimentary and specific to each shape of antigen. Antibodies bind to antigen and neutralize the pathogen.
Physical Plant defenses listed
Cellulose cell walls
Tough waxy cuticle
Bark/layer of dead cells
Leaf fall
Cellulose cell wall plant defense does..
strengthen plant to resist microorganisms invasion
Tough waxy cuticle physical plant defense does…
barrier on surface to entry of pathogens stomata becomes only entrance
Bark/layer dead cells plant defense physical does…
protective layer hard for pathogens to penetrate (dead cells lost/shed pathogens fall off with them)
Physical plant defense leaf fall does…
deciduous trees loose leaves in autumn and and pathogens infecting leaves also fall
Chemical plant defenses and what they do
-Production of antibacterial chemicals that protect against pathogens
-Poisons to deter herbivores
Mechanical adaptations plant defenses
-Thorns and hairs deter herbivores
-drooping curling leaves -when touched leaves move and dislodge and scare animals
-mimickry, droop mimicking unhealthy trucking
Plant disease symptoms
-spots on leaves
-stunted growth
-areas of decay
-growths
-malformed stem and leaves
-discoloration
Plant disease treatments
-pesticides and anti-fungal treatment
-mineral deficiencies
-remove plants to stop spread
3 Diagnosis methods plant disease
Testing kits
DNA samples
Comparing symptoms to garden manual
How aphids affect plants
Aphids- sharp moth pieces penetrate phloem vessels and feed on sugar rich phloem sap
-vectors that transfer bacteria/virus/fungi from infected to healthy
How other plant pests affect
Nematode worms and insect larvae feed on plant roots damage them so unable to absorb water and mineral ions
What is the first stage of drug testing called?
Pre-clinical trial
This stage involves testing on tissues, animals, or other non-human subjects.
What is the purpose of the Phase 1 clinical trial?
To test safety and side effects on healthy volunteers
This phase focuses on determining the safety profile of the drug.
Who is typically tested in Phase 1 clinical trials?
Healthy volunteers
This phase assesses the drug’s safety before moving to patients.
What is the main focus of Phase 2 clinical trials?
To test effectiveness and side effects on patients
This phase evaluates how well the drug works while monitoring safety.
What type of study design is commonly used in Phase 2 clinical trials?
Placebo/double blind
This design helps reduce bias in assessing the drug’s effectiveness.
What is the goal of Phase 3 clinical trials?
To determine efficiency and effectiveness on a large number of patients
This phase provides comprehensive data on the drug’s performance.
What is analyzed in the results of clinical trials?
Groups of results
This analysis helps in understanding the drug’s overall impact.
Fill in the blank: Phase 1 clinical trials primarily test for _______.
safety and side effects
True or False: Phase 3 clinical trials involve small groups of patients.
False
Phase 3 trials involve a large number of patients to validate the drug’s effectiveness.
What is the purpose of using a placebo in clinical trials?
To avoid bias
Placebo controls help determine the actual effect of the drug.
What is the primary purpose in the pre-clinical trial stage?
Safety and toxicity
This stage is crucial for assessing potential risks before human testing.
What is a key aspect of Phase 2 clinical trials?
Determining correct dosage
Establishing the right dosage is critical for ensuring safety and efficacy.
How are monoclonal antibodies made
-B lymphocytes
make specific
antibodies but
do not divide are combined with
tumor cells that
do not make antibodies
but divide
-Makes a hybridoma cell which makes
specific antibodies
+ divides.
-The cells are the cloned
-Monoclonal
antibodies
are separated
purified (taken from cells making them) and can be used
What hormone does a woman produce when she becomes pregnant?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
HCG is the hormone detected by pregnancy tests.
What is the purpose of a pregnancy test?
To determine if a woman is pregnant by detecting HCG
Pregnancy tests rely on the presence of HCG in urine.
What type of antibodies are immobilised in the result window of a pregnancy test?
HCG specific immobilised antibodies
These antibodies are crucial for indicating a positive result.
What do mobile antibodies in a pregnancy test specifically bind to?
HCG
Mobile antibodies are designed to detect the hormone present in urine.
What indicates a positive result on a pregnancy test?
Lines appear in both the control and result window
This shows that HCG is present.
What indicates a negative result on a pregnancy test?
A line appears in the control window only
This means that HCG is not detected.
What indicates an invalid result on a pregnancy test?
No line appears in the control window
This suggests a malfunction or error in the test.
Fill in the blank: Urine is applied to the end of the _______.
pregnancy stick
This is the first step in using a pregnancy test.
What is found in the reaction zone of a pregnancy test?
Mobile antibodies that are specific to HCG
These antibodies are essential for the test’s functionality.
Malaria pathogen and symptoms
Protist
-high fever,sweating
-vomit and diarrhea
-muscle pains
