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Biology B3 > Communicable diseases > Flashcards

Communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four different types of pathogens?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Protist
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2
Q

What does Bacteria do?

A

Bacteria produces toxins that damages our cells.

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3
Q

What does a virus do?

A

Viruses live inside cells, they replicate which causes the cell to burst, making us ill.

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4
Q

What does a protist do?

A

A protist are single celled eukaryotes that live on other organisms, they are transferred by a vector.

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5
Q

What does fungi do?

A

They are made of Hyphae that grows on humans and plants, causing diseases.

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6
Q

What are the 3 main ways these pathogens can spread?

Explain them.

A
  • Air : Our sneezes or droplets contain the pathogens, if
    someone breathes in the droplet, they are
    infected.
  • Direct contact
  • Water: Fungal spores carried in water spread plant
    diseases.
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7
Q

What is salmonella an example of? and state its symptoms and treatment.

A

Salmonella is a bacterial disease, caused by eating contaminated food. The bacteria disrupts the balance of natural gut bacteria.
causes food poisoning.
Symptoms include fever, vomitting and diarrhoea.

Keep raw meat away from food that is supposed to be eaten uncooked.
Do not wash raw meat.

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8
Q

Gonorrhea. Include its symptoms and treatments.

A

Gonorrhoea is a STD which can be spread by sexual contact.

Symptoms include thick yellow discharge, and pain when urinating.

Treated by antibiiotics called pencillin.

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9
Q

What is HIV, how is it spread, its symptoms, what it can lead to and treatment.

A

HIV virus causes damage to the immune system.
Spread by sexual contact and bodily fluids. It can be passed down from mother to child through breast milk.
Symptoms:
- flu-like
Can lead to AIDs.
Treated using Anti-retroviral medications that stop the virus from replicating in our body.

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10
Q

Measles, its cause, how are they spread, its symptoms, what it can lead to as well as its treatment.

A 
Measles is a virus spread by an infected person's cough droplets.
Symptoms:
- fever
- red skin rash
Can lead to blindness and brain damage.
Can be prevented through vaccinations.
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11
Q

TMV, how is it spread, its symptoms and treatment.

A 
Tobacco Mosaic Virus causes stunted growth in plants.
Spread through a viral protein.
Symptoms:
- discolouration
- mosaic pattern on leaves
- reduces crop yield

Removing infected plants can help.
Grow TMV resistant plants.
Good pest control.

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12
Q

How does Tobacco Mosaic Virus cause stunted growth in plants? (4 marks)

A
  • TMV can cause plants to produce less chlorophyll
  • plants will trap less light
  • slower rate of photosynthesis
  • less glucose is made
  • less energy for growth and repair
  • less amino acids made because glucose is needed to
    make amino acids.
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13
Q

Give one example of a fungal disease.

It’s cause, spread, symptoms and treatment.

A 
Rose Black Spot causes block spots on leaves.
Spread through air.
Symptoms:
- discolouration
- stunted growth
Treated using fungicides.
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14
Q

Give an example of a protist disease

  • symptoms
  • cause
  • treatment
A

Malaria, is caused by a protist.
Spread through vectors ie mosquitoes.
- Fever

Can only be reduced by stopping mosquito breeding.
Using insect nets.
Using insecticides to kill mosquitoes.
Removing standing water to stop them from breeding.
Antimalarial drugs.

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15
Q

Describe the life cycle of a Malaria Protist.

A
  • Begins in a female mosquito.
  • The protist reproduces sexually in the mosquito and
    asexually in humans.
  • They bite the human and insert the plasmodium into
    their blood.
  • This travels to the liver and replicates.
  • They then infect the red blood cells.
  • They replicate again and the cell bursts.
  • The cell bursting causes the symptoms in the patient.
  • Then a new mosquito comes and take the parasite
    and passed onto a new host.
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16
Q

Name 4 body defence systems.

A
  • Skin: secretes antimicrobial substances that kill
    pathogens and it acts as a barrier to pathogens.
  • Hair and mucus trap pathogens. The fact that when
    you blow your nose in a polluted area, it’s blackened,
    shows that the system works.
  • Trachea and bronchi secrete mucus, the cilia waft the
    mucus up to the back of the throat.
  • HCl in stomach kills pathogens.
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17
Q

What is the job of the immune system?

A

A system to protect us against any diseases, fights infections and toxins.

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18
Q

What is the function of a White blood cell?

A

Cells that fight and protect us against foreign infections.

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19
Q

How is the White blood cell adapted for its function?

A
  • an irregular shape, they can change shape to sqeeze to vessels and reach the infection site.
  • changing shape helps them engulf pathogens.
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20
Q

What are the 3 ways a WBC can attack?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Lymphocytes
  • Antitoxins
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21
Q

Explain the process of phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes ( types of WBCs) engulf foreign pathogens.

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22
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

When WBCs detect a new antigen, lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to the antigens. The antibodies destroy the antigens on the pathogen.

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23
Q

What is the job of antitoxins?

A

Antitoxins counteract with the toxins produced by the invading bacteria.

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24
Q

How can vaccinations allow you to prevent certain diseases?

A

Vaccinations contain dead/inactive pathogens that have specific anitgens binded to it.
When our WBCs detect these, they stimulate antibodies production by the lymphocytes.
This takes time, which makes us feel ill and the body fights the pathogen in other ways.
The antibodies produced then become memory cells, so they remember the pathogens next time.

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25
Q

Advantages of Vaccincations

A
  • helped control communicable diseases in UK.

- prevents Big Epidemics.

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26
Q

Disadvanatages of Vaccinations

A
  • They don’t always work

- negative side effects or symptoms.

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27
Q

What is the difference between painkillers and antibiotics.

A

Painkillers allow relief and reduces symptoms.

Antibiotics kills the bacteria without killing any body cells.

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28
Q

What 3 factors affect health other than diseases?

A
  • Diet: malnutrition leads to anorexia and too much of
    the wrong type of food leads to obesity.
  • Stress: too much stress can cause heart diseases and
    mental health can is affected.
  • Life situation ie where you live.
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29
Q

Why are viruses living inside cells dangerous?

A

Because they can trigger changes in cells which can lead to cancers.
The virus replicates and the cell eventually bursts.

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30
Q

What are the differences between bacteria and viruses?

A

Bacteria are single celled organisms.
Used as decomposers.
Used to make yoghurts and cheese and treating sewage.

Viruses are even smaller than bacteria.
They have a regular shape.
They cause diseases in every type of organism.

31
Q

Which invention in particular convinced people to believe in pathogens?

A

The microscope, as people were able to witness the behaviour of pathogens.

32
Q

What hygiene methods can prevent communicable diseases?

A
  • Washing hands.
  • Disinfecting kitchen surfaces.
  • Keeping contaminated food away from other food.
  • using handkerchief for sneezes.
33
Q

Explain 3 other methods of preventing communicable diseases?

A
  • Isolate infected individuals: The fewer healthy people that come into contact with the disease, the less chance of it spreading.
  • Destroying vectors: killing mosquitoes and aphids or simply stopping them from breeding.
  • Vaccinations
34
Q

Why can’t vaccinations prevent plant diseases.

A

Because plants don’t have an immune system.

35
Q

How do scientist use the bacteria ingested into plants as an advantage?

A

Bacteria infects plants and gives them new added genes.

Scientists manipulate the bacteria so that they only carry desirable genes into the cells that they infect.

36
Q

How do aphids impact plants?

A

Aphids have sharp mouths that penetrate deep into the phloem cells of the plant, taking the sugar cap.
They attack in large numbers to which has a worse effect on the plant, this deprives the plants of glucose.

37
Q

How can aphids be destroyed?

A
  • pesticides.
  • releasing insects eg ladybirds that eat aphids.
  • enclosed space ie greenhouse.
38
Q

Why do plants need nitrate ions?

A

To convert sugars into proteins needed for growth.

39
Q

Why do plants need magnesium ions?

A

To make chlorophyll.

40
Q

Why do plants need potassium ions?

A

For protein synthesis, and to open and close he stomata.

41
Q

What is chlorosis?

A

When there is discolouration on leaves due to magnesium deficiency.

42
Q

How can farmers or gardeners detect diseases?

A

To look in the gardening manuals or online.
Take the plant to the laboratory.
Use kits that contain specific monoclonal antibodies that can detect the pathogen.

43
Q

What physical barriers to plant have against pathogens?

A
  • Cellulose walls resist invasion from microorganisms.
  • Waxy cuticle
  • Bark on trees and a layer of dead cells covering them
  • Infected leaved fall off.
44
Q

What chemical barriers to plants have against pathogens?

A
  • antibacterial chemicals kill pathogens.

- produce poisons that deter herbivores.

45
Q

How do plants deter herbivores? (mechanical defences)

A
  • drooping or curling when touched.
  • mimic other unhealthy plants which deter herbivores from eating them.
  • Thorns make it painful for herbivores to attack.
  • Hairy stems deter insects for example the nettle plant produces poisons through its hairs.
46
Q

How do our immune cells detect microorganisms?

A

Each cell of the microorganism has specific antigens, that are different to the ones on our cells. The immune cells recognise that they are different and attack them.

47
Q

Which disease has been completely mopped out due to vaccinations?

A

Smallpox.

48
Q

What is meant by the term herd immunity?

A

If a large proportion of the population is immune to a disease, then the spread of the disease is reduced.

49
Q

ADS and DIS of vaccinations?

A

ADS:

  • vaccines have helped control and eliminate disease.
  • big epidemics can be prevented if a large proportion of the population is vaccinated.

DIS:

  • they don’t always work.
  • bad reactions eg swelling or fever,
50
Q

Why can’t humans treat bacterial diseases using antiseptics or disinfectants?

A

They are poisonous inside the body.

51
Q

What is the most important factor to consider when having antibiotics?

A

Specific bacteria is treated using specific antibiotics that are effective for it.

52
Q

Why are GPs not so keen on giving antibiotics so easily?

A

Because bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics.
- bacterial cells mutate.
- few cells become resistant to that antibiotic.
- this antibiotic resistant bacteria survives and reproduces inside us.
- the population of the strain of antibiotic resistant bacteria increases.
This is an example of natural selection.

53
Q

DIS of antibiotic resistant strains?

A

Resistant strains can cause serious infections that cannot be treated by antibiotics. eg MRSA

54
Q

Why is it important to finish the whole set of antibiotics appointed?

A

Because if you stop half way through, the bacteria will not be completely eliminated and it will reproduce and come back.

55
Q

Why can’t antibiotics kill viruses?

A

Viruses live inside our cells and if the antibiotic was to kill the virus, they would have to kill the body cell too.

56
Q

Where do our medicines come from?

A

Plants.

57
Q

What is aspirin used for?

A

used as a painkiller to lower fewer, developed from a chemical found in willow.

58
Q

What is Digitalis used for?

A

to treat heart conditions, developed from chemical found in foxgloves.

59
Q

How did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin.

A

Fleming was studying bacteria.
He saw that one of his petri dishes had mould on it and the areas around the mould was free of bacteria.
The mould was producing a substance PENICILLIN that was killing the bacteria.

60
Q

Explain the first stage of developing drugs?

A

1- Preclinical testing:
Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in lab.
You cannot test drugs that affect the whole body
system on a few human cells.

61
Q

Second stage of developing drugs?

A 
2- Pre clinical testing: 
    On live animals.
    Tests efficacy.
    Tests toxicity.
    Tests dosage.
62
Q

What are the 3 terms the drugs are tested for?

A
  • Efficacy: whether it produces the effect you’re looking for.
  • Toxicity : How harmful it is.
  • Dosage: the conc of the drug that should be given.
63
Q

Why might some people think that testing on animals is pointless?

A

Because humans and animals are very different.

64
Q

Explain 3rd stage of developing drugs.

A

3 - Clinical trial:
- On healthy human volunteers.
- Optimum dosage is found that is the most effective
and has the least side effects.
- Patients are split into 2 groups, one is given the
drug and one is given a placebo so that the doctor
can compare the effect.
- BLIND clinical trials.
neither doc nor patient knows so that they doctors analysing the effect are not subconciously influenced by their knowledge.
Only scientist are aware of which patient had the drug or placebo.

65
Q

Why is peer review important?

A
  • Helps prevent false claims.

- Ensures that the results are repeatable and reproducible

66
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Identical antibodies, produced to target specific antigen proteins.

67
Q

What are m-antibodies produced by?

A

B-lymphocytes.

68
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

Scientists inject a mouse with a chosen antigen and take its B-lymphocytes.
Fuse the lymph and a tumour cell together.
This creates a hybridoma.
Hybridomas are cloned to get lots of identical cells.
These cells produce identical m-anitbodies.
They can now be collected, puried and used.

69
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy tests.

A

They are useful because they bind to a specific site on a specific antigen.
-PREGNANCY TESTS:
Woman unrinates on the stick, this part of the stick has some anitbodies with the blue beads attached.
The test strip has anitbodies stuck onto it.
If you are pregnant, the HCG hormone binds to the antibodies on the blue beads.
The urine moves up the stick carrying the hormone and beads.
The beads and the HCG bind to the antibody on the test strip.
So the bluebead gets stuck to the strip turning it blue.

if not pregnant, the hormone is not there—> strip doesn’t go blue.

70
Q

How are m-antiodies used to treat diseases,

A

Diff cells have diff antigens that attach to specific m-antibodies.
An anti-cancer drug or a radioactive isotope is attached to the m-antibodies.
Inside the patient, the antibodies target specific cancer cells and bind to their tumour markers
The drug kills the cancer cell but doesn’t kill any other body cells.

71
Q

How can m-antibodies be used to detect where the cancer cells are?

A

The m-antibodies are made to carry markers and when they bind to the antigens of cancer cells, the doctor will be able to detect its location.

72
Q

How can m-antibodies be used in labs?

A
  • bind to hormones in blood to measure their levels.
  • test blood samples for pathogens
  • specific molecule m-antibodies are bound to a fluorescent dye, if the molecules are present the antibodies will attach to them and can be detected using the dye.
73
Q

DIS of m-antibodies.

A
  • lots of side effects so not as widely used.

- not as successful as hoped.

74
Q

how does magnesium deficiency cause stunted growth?

A

Magnesium ions are used to produce chlorophyll which is needed to attract sunlight. If there is a magnesium deficiency, hence a lack of chlorophyll, this will lead to chlorosis. The plant will be able to photosynthesise and less glucose will be produced. So less glucose will be present for amino acids to make protein hence less growth.

Biology B3 (1 decks)

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