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OCR BIOLOGY AS LEVEL > Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases Flashcards

Specification reference: 4.1.1

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1
Q

Communicable diseases

A

Caused by an infective organisms known as pathogens. These can be passed from one organism to the other.

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2
Q

Pathogens

A

microorganisms that cause disease

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3
Q

Vectors

A

Carry pathogens from one organism to another. Vectors are involved in a number of plant and animal diseases.

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4
Q

What are the common vectors

A

Water and Insects

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5
Q

Bacteria

A

-Prokaryotic (don’t have a membrane bound nucleus organelles)

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6
Q

How is bacteria classified

A
  1. By the basic shape

2. By the cell walls

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7
Q

Bacteria Basic Shapes

A
  1. Bacilli (rod shaped)
  2. Cocci (spherical)
  3. Vibro (comma)
  4. Spirillum (spiral)
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8
Q

Bacteria cell walls

A

There are two types of cell walls, with different structures and react differently to gram staining.

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9
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria

A

Cell walls look purple-blue under the light microscope (MRSA)

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10
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria

A

Cell walls look red under a light microscope (E.Coli)

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11
Q

Why is Gram standing useful?

A

The type of cell wall affects how bacteria react to different antibiotics

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12
Q

Antibiotics

A

A compound that kills/inhibits the growth of bacteria

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13
Q

Viruses

A

Non living infectious agents

0.02-0.3um in diameter

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14
Q

Basic structure of a virus

A

Some genetic material (DNA,RNA) surrounded by a protein.

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15
Q

Function

A

-Viruses invade living cells, where the genetic material of the virus takes over the biochemistry of the host cell to make more viruses.

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16
Q

How are viruses successful pathogens?

A

-Viruses reproduce rapidly and evolve by developing adaptations to their host

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17
Q

Pathogenic

A

Viruses are pathogenic and can cause disease in every other organism

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18
Q

Bacteriophages

A
  • Viruses that attack bacteria

- They take over the bacteria cells, use them to replicate and destroy bacteria at the same time

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19
Q

How can Bacteriophages be used?

A

They can be used to identify and treat some diseases .

Medical scientists consider viruses as parasites

20
Q

Protoctista

A
  • Group of eukaryotic organisms with feeding methods
  • They include single celled organisms + cells grouped in colonies
  • Protists that cause disease are parasitic
21
Q

Parasitic

A

Use people or animals as their host organism

22
Q

Pathogenic protists

A

Need a vector to transfer them to their hosts (malaria + sleeping sickness). Or they may enter the body directly with the use of water (giardia)

23
Q

Fungi

A
  • Eukaryotic organisms that are often multi-cellular ( yeast which cause thrush is single-celled)
  • Fungi can’t photosynthesis and digest their food extracellularly before absorbing nutrients
24
Q

Fungi are saprophytes as …

A

they feed on the dead and decaying matter

25
Q

Pathogenic fungi …

A

which are parasitic cause communicable diseases because fungal infections often affect the leaves of a plant (stopping them from photosynthesizing so they die)

26
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

They reproduce by producing millions of spores which can spread over large distances.

27
Q

Spores spreading over large distances is an adaptation because…

A

Spores can spread rapidly and widely through crop plants

28
Q

How do pathogens work?

A
  1. Damage Host cells directly

2. Produce toxins which damage host cells

29
Q

How viruses attack and damage host cells?

A

-Viruses take over the cell metabolism. The viral genetic material gets into the host cell and is inserted into the host DNA

30
Q

How viruses attack and damage host cells?

A
  • Viruses take over the cell metabolism. The viral genetic material gets into the host cell and is inserted into the host DNA
  • The virus then uses the host cell to make new viruses and hen burst out of the cell, destroying it and then spread to infect other cells
31
Q

How does a bacteriophage destroy a bacteria cell.

A
  1. Virus attaches to a host cell
  2. Insertion of a viral nucleic acid
  3. Replication of viral nucleic acid
  4. Synthesis of a viral protein
  5. Assembly of virus particles
  6. Lysis of host cells
32
Q

How do some bacterial toxins damage the host cells?

A
  • They break down the cell membrane
  • Some damage or inactivate enzymes
  • Some interfere with host cell genetic material so the cells can’t divide

Toxins are a byproduct of normal functioning bacteria
Some fungi produce toxins

33
Q

What are the plant diseases caused by pathogens

A
  1. Ring Rot
  2. TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus)
  3. Potato Blight
  4. Black sigatoka
34
Q

Animal diseases

A
  1. TB
  2. Bacterial meningitis
  3. HIV/AIDS
  4. Influenza (flu)
  5. Malaria
  6. Ring worm
  7. Athletes foot
35
Q

Ring Worm (Fungi)

A
  • A fungal disease affecting mammals
  • Different fungi infect different species
  • In cattle ring worm is caused by verrucosum
  • It causes a grey-white, crusty infectiois circular areas
36
Q

Ring Rot

A
  • Bacterial disease
  • Found in potatoes, tomatoes etc.
  • Caused by the Gram positive bacterium
  • Damages leaves, tubers and fruit
  • Once ring rot affects a field crops cant be grown for another 2 years
37
Q

TMV

A
  • Virus
  • Infects tobacco plants and other species (tomatoes)
  • Damages leaves flowers and fruit
  • Resistant crop strains can be made - no cure
38
Q

Potato Blight

A
  • Fungus like protocists oomycete
  • The hyphae penetrates host cells, destroying leaves, tubers and fruit
  • Resistant strains are used along with chemical management - no cure
39
Q

Black sigatoka (Fungi)

A

A banana disease caused by a fungi which attacks and destroys the leaves.

  • The hyphae penetrates and digests the cells so they turn black
  • Resistant strains are made + fungicides are made
40
Q

TB

A
  • Bacterial disease cause by M.bovis
  • Tb damages + destroys lung tissue + suppresses the immune system.
  • TB is curable by antibiotics + preventable by vaccinations + standards
41
Q

Bacterial Meningitis

A
  • Bacterial Infection of the meninges of the brain (protective membrane of the brain) which can spread to the rest of the body causing septicemia (blood poisoning) + death
  • Affects aged 15-19
  • Symptom of septicemia: A blotchy red/purple rash appears
42
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

-Targets T Helper cells in the immune system
-Damages the immune system so they are more open to more diseases
-

43
Q

Malaria

A
  • Caused by a Protoctista + is spread by anopheles mosquitoes
  • Plasmodium
44
Q

Athletes Foot

A
  • A human fungal disease caused by a human form of ringworm
  • It grows and digests the worm moist skin between toes
  • Causes cracking and scaling (itchy)
  • Antifungal creams are effective
45
Q

What are the two main types of transmission?

A

Direct and indirect transmission

OCR BIOLOGY AS LEVEL (11 decks)

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