Communicable diseases 4.3.1.1-5 Flashcards
What are the symptoms of salmonella (bacteria)?
Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea. (Caused by the toxins
secreted by the bacteria.)
How is salmonella (bacteria) transmitted (spread)?
spread by eating infected food or food that is prepared in unhygienic conditions
How can salmonella be treated (bacteria)?
In the UK poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella to control the spread.
Infected patients with salmonella can be given antibiotics.
What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea (bacteria)?
Thick yellow discharge from the vagina /penis and
pain when urinating
How can Gonorrhoea (bacteria) be spread?
engaging in unprotected sex
How can Gonorrhoea (bacteria) be treated?
Was treated with the antibiotic penicillin but now
many resistant strains have appeared, so different
antibiotics are needed
How can the spread of Gonorrhoea (bacteria) be controlled?
Barrier methods of contraception e.g. condoms
How does bacteria reproduce?
One bacterium can divide into two new bacteria every 20 minutes-this is called
binary fission.
What are the symptoms of HIV (virus) and how does it affect the human cells?
- flu like illness
- virus attacks the body’s immune system cells
How is HIV (virus) spread?
- sexual contact
- exchange of bodily fluids such as blood when drug users share needles
How can HIV (virus) be treated?
–antiretroviral drugs-stops the virus from multiplying but not a cure and has to be taken for the rest of the patients life
What are the symptoms of measles (virus)?
- fever
- red skin rash
How does measles (virus) spread?
Inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs from infected person
How can measles (virus) be treated?
Most young children are vaccinated against Measles
What is TMV (virus) and how does it affect plants?
TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus) causes leaves to discolour in a mosaic pattern. Because of discolouration, photosynthesis is reduced. This means growth of plant is also reduced.
How do viruses reproduce?
- The virus attaches to a specific host cell.
- The genetic material from the virus is injected into the host cell.
- The viral genes cause the host cell to make new viruses.
- The host cell splits open (damaging the cell and causes symptoms) releasing the new virus.
What are the symptoms of Rose black spot (fungi) and how does this affect the plant?
-Purple or black spots develop on leaves, often turn yellow and
drop early.
-It affects growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced
How can Rose black spot (fungi) be spread?
by wind and water
How can rose black spot (fungi) be treated?
Fungicides and removing the affected leaves
What are some other fungal diseases?
-Athlete’s foot
-Fungal nail infection
Stem rust
-Ring worm
-Thrush
-Rice disease
What are the symptoms of malaria (protist)?
recurrent episodes of fever
What is the mosquito in the malarial life cycle?
vector
How can the spread of malaria (protist) be controlled?
- stopping vector (the mosquito) from breeding
- drain still water or spray them with insecticide
- sleep under a mosquito net
Describe the life cycle of malaria.
- Person infected with malaria is bitten by a mosquito. The malaria pathogen passes into the mosquito.
- The mosquito bites a different person and passes the malaria pathogen to them.
What are the factors that increase the transmission of communicable disease?
- Poor disposal of waste
- Socioeconomic factors
- Climate change
- Culture
- Infrastructure
- Weak immune system
- Poor diet
- Overcrowded
What did Ignaz Semmelweis (1850s) demonstrate?
hand-washing could drastically reduce the number of women dying after childbirth.