Communicable diseases

Question 1

What is pathogen?

Answer 1

A microorganism that causes disease

Question 2

What pathogen causes tuberculosis?

Answer 2

Bacteria

Question 3

What pathogen causes ring rot (plants)?

Answer 3

Bacteria

Question 4

What kingdom does bacteria belong to?

Answer 4

Prokaryote

Question 5

How quickly can bacteria reproduce?

Answer 5

Every 20 mins

Question 6

What does bacteria do to cells?

Answer 6

Damages them

Question 7

How does bacteria damage cells?

Answer 7

It releases toxins

Question 8

What part of the body does bacteria affect?

Answer 8

The lungs

Question 9

What does ring rot cause?

Answer 9

leaf wilting

Question 10

What pathogen causes balck sigatoka (plants)?

Answer 10

Fungus

Question 11

What pathogen causes athlete’s foot?

Answer 11

Fungus

Question 12

What is a mass of hyphae called?

fungus

Answer 12

Mycelium

Question 13

What does reproductive hyphae release?

Answer 13

Spores

Question 14

How does fungus digest plant tissue?

Answer 14

It releases extracellular enzymes (cellulase)

Question 15

What pathogen causes HIV/AIDS?

Answer 15

Virus

Question 16

What pathogen causes Influenza?

Answer 16

Virus

Question 17

What pathogen causes tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?

Answer 17

Virus

Question 18

What is the name of viruses that infect bacteria?

Answer 18

Bacteriophage

Question 19

How do viruses reproduce?

Answer 19

They take over cells and use them to make more copies of the virus. They then cause the cells to burst

Question 20

What pathogen causes malaria?

Answer 20

Protoctista

Question 21

What pathogen causes blight (potato and tomato)?

Answer 21

Protoctista

Question 22

Why are protoctist referred to as parasites?

Answer 22

They feed on the host cell

Question 23

Examples of direct transmission

animals

Answer 23

• Direct contact
• Inoculation
• Ingestion

Question 24

Examples of direct contact

animals

Answer 24

• Bodily fluid contact
• Skin-to-skin
• Microbes from feces on hand

Question 25

Examples of inoculation | animals

Answer 25

* Animal bite * Break in skin * Puncture wound

Question 26

Examples of ingestion | animals

Answer 26

* Taking contaminated food * mouth to hand pathogen transfer

Question 27

Examples of in-direct transmission | animals

Answer 27

* Fomites (inanimate objects) * Vectors (mosquitoes) * Droplet infection (inhalation)

Question 28

Factors that affect the spread of pathogens | animals

Answer 28

* Climate change * Poor waste disposal * Overcrowding * Compromised immune system

Question 29

Communicable diseases between humans and animals

Answer 29

* bird flu * brucellosis * foot-and-mouth

Question 30

Examples of in-direct transmission | plants

Answer 30

* Soil contamination * Wind * Water * Vectors (humans and animals)

Question 31

Factors that affect the spread of pathogens | plants

Answer 31

* Climate change * Overcrowding * Damp, warm conditions * Planting crop varieties susceptible to disease

Question 32

Passive defences of plants

Answer 32

* Cellulose cell wall * Lignin thickening of cell wall * Waxy cuticle * Stomatal closure * Callose * Tylose

Question 33

What does callose do to defend the plant?

Answer 33

It deposits polysaccharides in to sieve tubes to prevent the spread of pathogens

Question 34

What does tylose do to defend the plant?

Answer 34

It causes ballon like swelling to prevent the spread of pathogens

Question 35

Chemical defences of plants

Answer 35

* Hydrolytic enzymes * Insect repellents * Toxins * Insecticides * Alkaloids

Question 36

What does alkaloids do to defend the plant

Answer 36

It inhibits protein synthesis

Question 37

Examples of hydrlytic enzymes

Answer 37

* Chitinase (chitin) * Lysozymes (bacterial cell wall) * Glucanase (Glucans)

Question 38

Active defences in plants

Answer 38

* Additional cellulose to cell wall * Increase in chem. prod. * Deposition of callose * Necrosis (cell suicide) * Canker

Question 39

# Primary defences How do the eyes defend against pathogens?

Answer 39

They contain antibodies and enzymes in tears

Question 40

# Primary defences How do the ears defend against pathogens?

Answer 40

Wax in the ear blocks pathogens

Question 41

# Primary defences Expulsive reflexes in reponse to pathogens

Answer 41

* Coughing * Sneezing * Vomiting * Diarrohoea

Question 42

# Primary defences Mucous membrane | DEFENCES

Answer 42

Cilliated cells * moves mucus Goblet cells * secrets mucus

Question 43

# Primary defences Lysozymes are found in: | ANIMAL ## Footnote they destroy pathogens

Answer 43

* Urine * Tears * Stomach acid

Question 44

# Secondary non- specific defences What are Opsonins?

Answer 44

A protein molecule that attach to antigens on the surface of the pathogen It enhances the ability of phagocytic cells

Question 45

# Secondary non- specific defences What are Antigens?

Answer 45

Protein markers on the outer membrane that specific to an organism. They can also trigger an immune response when seen as foreign

Question 46

# Secondary non- specific defences Phagocytes

Answer 46

Specialised wbc that engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis) | often made in the bone marrow

Question 47

# Secondary non- specific defences What is the structure of neutrophils?

Answer 47

* Multi-lobed nucleus * Granulated nucleus * Large no. of lysosomes