COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Flashcards
Number of individuals who are infected to diseases
Morbidity
Involves the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems
Epidemiology
means frequency and pattern
Distribution
Described as the basic science of public health
Epidemiology
Focuses on the relationship that exists between the number or cases of a particular disease and the size of the population
Frequency
Occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person.
Pattern
causes and factors in understanding the processes behind the occurrence of the disease and other health-related events
Determinants
Involves a disorder of structure or function in humans, especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply direct result of physical injury
Disease
Forming a triangle with 3 interactive elements
epidemiologic triad
the interaction of the three dynamic elements of the epidemiological triad results to
Disease
An infectious microorganism or pathogen which exposure to an organism will result in disease through variety of factors.
Agent
Refers to the one who gets the disease
Host
Refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposure to the host
Environment
The interaction of the three variables is observed in this model, causing the development of a disease
Infectious disease model
Accounts to multifactorial nature of causation of a particular disease
Causal pies
Who proposed the epidemiological triad?
John Wade frost (1928)
Who developed causal pies?
Kenneth J. Rothman (1976)
3 components of the infectious disease model
Host, Pathogen, Environment
Contributes to an individual factor that contributes to cause disease shown as a piece of pie
Component Cause
Involves a component that appears in every pie or pathway wherein without it, disease does not occur
Necessary Cause
Involves a complete pie, which might be considered a causal pathway to the development of disease
Sufficient Cause
Brought by a specific infectious agent or its
toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, animal to man, animal to animal, or from the environment to man
Communicable Disease
A type of disease that occurs in an individual
which cannot be transmitted towards another person
Non-communicable Disease
Refers to the sequence of events pertaining to the progression of a disease process in an individual overtime, in the absence of treatment
Natural history of disease
During this stage, an individual becomes more prone to develop a disease brought about by various factors and mainly due to a higher rate of exposure from the pathogen.
Stage of susceptibility
Prone or increase of inclination
Susceptible
Focus of the stage of susceptibility
Exposure to pathogen
As the disease progresses comes its influence in the physiologic activities of the individual’s body without him/her being aware of them during this time, pathologic changes already develop
Stage of subclinical disease
Focus of Stage of subclinical disease
Determining changes
True or false. During the stage of subclinical disease, the individual appears to be asymptomatic.
True. The disease is progressing but there are no apparent changes in the body yet.
Extendsfromthe time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms for infectious disease
Incubation period
Extends from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms and being infectious
Latency period
Known to occur once symptoms start to appear in an individual where most diagnoses are being made to validate the existence of an abnormality in the body which may differ in terms of severity
Stage of clinical disease
The end result of experiencing the disease whether he/she recuperates from the condition, or it will worsen which could lead to irreversible complications and even end of life of individual
Stage of recovery, disability, or death
When conditions worsen, it leads to
Disability
Involves a range as to the effect of disease process in an individual from mild to severe or fatal which ultimately results to either in recovery, disability, or death
Spectrum of disease
Refers to the proportion of exposed persons who become infected
Infectivity
Refers to the proportion of infected
individuals who develop clinically apparent disease
Pathogenicity
Refers to the proportion of clinically
apparent cases that are severe or fatal
Virulence
This is the result of continuous interaction of the elements that could lead to the transmission of agent from one susceptible host towards another as it takes place
Chain of infection
Known as the pathogen, involves the microorganism that brings forth disease towards the host
Infectious disease
Considered as the “habitat” in which the agent
normally lives, grows, and multiplies
Reservoir
Most common type for infectious
diseases transmitted from person to person without intermediaries
Human reservoir
A person identified as having the disease, health disorder, or condition under investigation (symptomatic)
Case
A person with inapparent infection who can transmit the pathogen to other (asymptomatic)
Carrier
Focuses on human being incidental hosts in an animal-to-animal transmission as zoonosis
Animal reservoir
An infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
Zoonosis
Can be in the form of soil and other inanimate matter
Environmental reservoir
The path by which pathogen leaves its host and usually corresponds to the site where the pathogen is localized
Route of exit
Involves the pattern as to how the infectious agent is spread from a reservoir to a susceptible host
Mode of transmission
An infectious agent is transferred from reservoir to a susceptible host either through direct contact or droplet spread
Direct Transmission
Skin-to-skin contact, kissing and sexual intercourse
Direct contact
Spray with relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking
Droplet spread
Transfer of infectious agent from
reservoir to host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects, or animate intermediaries
Indirect transmission
Infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air (the person is not there but its droplets are suspended in the air or fell in the ground)
Airborne
Transmit an infectious agent include food, water, biologic products, and fomites (inanimate objects that is infected)
Vehicles
Carry an infectious agent through purely mechanical means or may support growth or changes in the agent
Vectors
Refers to the manner in which pathogen enters a susceptible host
Portal of entry
The final link in the chain of infection where an individual potentiates the development of disease
Susceptible host
“Scattered about”, a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
Sporadic disease
Refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
Endemic
Disease is constantly present at high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all age groups
Hyperendemic
Expresses a high level of infection beginning early in life and affecting most of the child population
Holoendemic
Refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
Epidemic
Carries the same definition of epidemic but is often used for a more limited geographic area
Outbreak
Refers to an aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected even though the expected number may not be known
Disease cluster
Refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people or a large portion of the population
Pandemic
Diseases which are imported into a country in which they do not otherwise occur
Exotic disease
Study of factors in man’s physical environment which may have a deleterious effect on his health, well-being, and survival. Done to prevent microorganisms to make the environment their breeding sites
Environmental sanitation
Responsible for the promotion of healthy environmental conditions and prevention of environmental-related diseases through appropriate sanitation strategies
Environment, health and safety (EHS)
