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biology:infection and response > communicable diseases > Flashcards

communicable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a disease-causing micro-organism e.g.bacteria

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2
Q

how do bacteria cause disease

A

once inside the body,they divide rapidly by binary fusion. they kill cells and produce harmful toxins

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3
Q

how do viruses cause disease

A

they invade and reproduce inside living body cells, leading to cell damage

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4
Q

give 3 ways in which pathogens can be spread

A

by water, by air, by direct contact

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5
Q

give 4 ways in which spread of pathogens can be reduced

A

hygiene(e.g. disinfectants), reducing contact with infected individuals, removing vectors(use of pesticides and insecticides), vaccination

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6
Q

what is measles

A

measles is a serious viral disease that can cause blindness and brain damage. The main symptoms arena fever and a red skin rash

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7
Q

how is measles spread

A

through air-through the inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes

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8
Q

what is HIV/aids

A

HIV is a virus which attacks and damages the immune system until it can no longer function properly. AIDS is the condition resulting from a long term HIV infection.

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9
Q

how is HIV spread

A

direct sexual contact or through bodily fluids e.g. blood,breast milk

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10
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus

A

A plant pathogen which causes leaf discolouration when cells are damaged. Affected areas cannot photosynthesis,reducing the crop yield. As there is no treatment, farmers grow tmv resistant crop strains to avoid infection

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11
Q

how is TMV spread

A

contact between infected and healthy plants. Insects may act as vectors which transfer the virus between plants

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12
Q

what is salmonella

A

a type of bacteria found in raw meat,poultry and eggs. If they enter the body via food poisoning,they can affect natural gut bacteria

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning

A

fever,abdominal cramping,vomiting, diarrhoea

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14
Q

how can spread of salmonella be limited

A

vaccinating animals intended for consumption, keep the raw meat away from cooked meat, disinfect hands and surfaces after contact with raw meat,properly cook meat

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15
Q

what is gonorrhoea

A

a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by unprotected sex with an infected individual. Early symptoms can be yellow/green discharge and painful urination.

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16
Q

how can spread of gonorrhoea be controlled

A

through the use of antibiotics and using condoms

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17
Q

what is rose black spot

A

a fungal disease which causes purple or black spots to develop on rose leaves. it reduces the area of the leaf which is available for photosynthesis and causes leaves to turn yellow and drop early

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18
Q

how is the rose black spot fungus spread

A

fungal spores are spread by the wind and in water

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19
Q

how can the rose black spot fungus can be treated

A

using fungicides, destroying infected leaves

20
Q

what is malaria

A

malaria is a disease caused by protist pathogens. The disease is carried from host to host by mosquitoes,and the protists enter the human bloodstream when they feed.

21
Q

how can the spread of malaria be reduced

A

using insecticides,using insect nets to avoid bites, prevent mosquito breeding by removing stagnant water,anti malarial drugs

22
Q

how does the skin prevent pathogens from entering the body

A

acts a physical barrier, scab formation after skin is cut,antimicrobial secretions which can kill pathogens

23
Q

how does the respiratory system prevent pathogens from entering the body

A

nose-has hairs and mucus which trap pathogens
trachea and bronchi- have mucus that traps pathogens. Cells move mucus to the mouth so that it can be swallowed

24
Q

how does the stomach prevent pathogens infecting the body

A

secretes hydrochloric acid-kills any pathogens present

25
Q

how does phagocytosis protect us against disease

A

white blood cells(phagocytes) ingest and destroy pathogens so they can’t infect more cells

26
Q

how does antibody production protect us against disease

A

White blood cells produce antibodies which are complementary to a specific antigen on a pathogen.Antibodies and antigens bind causing pathogens to clump together,making them easier to destroy.

27
Q

how does antitoxin production protect us against disease

A

antitoxins bind to toxins released by pathogens and neutralise them

28
Q

what is a vaccination

A

contains dead or inactive form of the pathogen which stimulates white blood cells to produce complementary antibodies to the pathogen.

29
Q

what about the case of a second infection

A

memory cells can produce the correct antibodies and prevent illness

30
Q

what is herd immunity

A

if a sufficiently high proportion of population are immune to a disease the spread of this disease will be limited

31
Q

what are the advantages of vaccinations

A

they have eradicated many diseases
many epidemics can be prevented by vaccinations
herd immunity protects those who cannot have vaccinations

32
Q

what are disadvantages of vaccinations

A

not guaranteed to work-might not protect against multiple strains of a pathogen
May be side effects or adverse reactions

33
Q

what drugs are used to cure some bacterial diseases

A

Antibiotics - they can kill bacterial pathogens inside the body

34
Q

how do antibiotics work

A

Antibiotics e.g. penicillin kill bacterial pathogens inside the body, but do not kill human cells.Whilst some antibiotics kill a wide range of bacteria,it is important the right antibiotic is used for specific bacteria

35
Q

why can’t antibiotics be used to treat diseases

A

Antibiotics have no effect of viral pathogens as they live inside the hosts cell.So, it is difficult to design drugs that would kill the virus and not the human cells at the same time

36
Q

what is antibiotic resistance

A

Antibiotic resistance occurs when mutations lead to individual bacteria being resistant to an antibiotic.These bacteria are able to survive,reproduce and pass on their alleles,leading to a greater proportion of antibiotic resistant bacteria

37
Q

how can we prevent antibiotic resistance

A

avoid overuse and unnecessary use of antibiotics
finish antibiotic courses to ensure all bacteria is killed

38
Q

what effect do painkillers have on infectious diseases

A

painkillers can only treat the symptoms but not kill pathogens

39
Q

what painkiller originates from a compound found in a willow bark

A

aspirin

40
Q

what painkiller was discovered by alexander fleming from a type of mould

A

penicillin

41
Q

what 3 main factors are tested for when developing new drugs

A

toxicity,efficiency,Dose

42
Q

How is a clinical testing carried out

A

Uses healthy volunteers and patients. Firstly,the drug is tested at a low dose on healthy people-then tested on patients and on a larger scale to find optimum dose

43
Q

what is a placebo

A

a replicate of the drug which looks similar but isn’t the actual drug

44
Q

what is a single-blind trial and double-blind trial

A

In a single-blind trial only the doctor knows whether the patient is receiving a placebo or the drug.In a double-blind trial,neither the patient nor doctor know.Double-blind trials help remove bias on part of the doctor

45
Q

explain how diseases caused by protists spread

A

Protists are passed from an infected person through mosquitos

46
Q

explain how diseases caused by fungi spread in animals and plants

A

In plants, fungi can destroy plant tissue directly or through the production of potent toxins,

47
Q
A

biology:infection and response (3 decks)

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