Communicable Diseases

Question 1

How do viruses make you ill?

Answer 1

Reproduce inside cells which are then damaged

Question 2

Why do bacteria make you ill?

Answer 2

They produce poisons thay damage tissues and make you feel ill

Question 3

3 ways pathogens can be spread

Answer 3

Touching, Water, Air

Question 4

Four types of pathogens

Answer 4

Virus, bacteria, protists and fungus

Question 5

Measles - type, symptoms, how it’s spread

Answer 5

Viral disease, symptoms of fever and a red skin rash, complications can be fatal. Spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs.

Question 6

HIV

Answer 6

Initially causes flu like illness, unsuccessfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs the virus attacks the bodies immune cells. Spread by sexual context or exchange of bodily fluid (e.g. blood) Reproduces in white blood cells which are destroyed

Question 7

AIDS

Answer 7

Occurs when the bodies immune system become so badly damaged from HIV it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers (other pathogens)

Question 8

Tobacco mosaic virus

Answer 8

Plant pathogen affecting many species like tomatoes. It gives a mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects growth due to lack of photosynthesis because of the disease effecting chloroplasts meaning a lack of them means less light absorbed so less photosynthesis so fewer molecules to make new cells by mitosis

Question 9

Salmonella

Answer 9

Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea caused by toxins. It is spread by bacteria ingested from food, or food prepared on unhygienic surfaces.

Question 10

Gonorrhoea

Answer 10

An STD with symptoms of a thick yellow/green discharge from the genital area, bleeding between periods and pain on urinating. Was treated well with antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared. Spread by unprotected oral, anal and vaginal sex.

Question 11

Rose black spot

Answer 11

Black fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves which often turn yellow and drop early. It affects growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced. It is spread in the environment by water or wind. Can be treated using fungicides or removing and destroying affected leaves.

Question 12

How does rose black spot affect growth rate of plants

Answer 12

It destroys the chloroplasts so it can’t absorb as much light, which means less photosynthesis so it can’t grow as fast because it has less energy and less glucose,cellulose and proteins made meaning less mitosis.

Question 13

Malaria

Answer 13

Caused by protists, the protist has a life cycle including the mosquito. Symptoms are recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal. The spread of malaria is controlled by preventing the vectors, mosquitos from breeding and using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten and using insect repellent in homes.

Question 14

Skin preventing pathogens

Answer 14

Prevents pathogens entry into the body

Question 15

Mucus preventing pathogens

Answer 15

Linings traps dirt and microbes so they can’t properly get into the body

Question 16

What is phagocytosis

Answer 16

When a white blood cells engulfs (surrounds and takes in) a pathogen and destroys it

Question 17

Antibodies

Answer 17

Pathogens have chemical substances on its surface called antigens which are unique to that microbe, our white blood cells detect the antigens and make antibodies which attach to the surface of the microbes and make them harmless.

Question 18

Antitoxins

Answer 18

Work in exactly the same was as the antibodies but attaches to the toxin and neutralises it

Question 19

How do vaccines work?

Answer 19

A vaccine contains a weakened form of a pathogen. When the vaccine enters the body white blood cells produce antibodies. Some of these white blood cells stay in the blood. If the person is attacked by the real pathogen the white blood cells can produce antibodies more quickly and in bigger numbers. This means the person will not feel ill.

Question 20

What is the advantage of vaccinating a large proportion of the population against measles?

Answer 20

It means less people will get infect and there is less risk of spreading because most will be immune

Question 21

Antibiotics

Answer 21

Antibiotics are medicines that help cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body. Specific bacteria has to be treated with specific antibiotics. Penicillin is an antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming. Some diseases develop resistance to antibiotics

Question 22

Painkillers

Answer 22

Don’t destroy pathogens only reduce symptoms of the disease (e.g. paracetamol and aspirin)

Question 23

The heart drug digitalis originated from where

Answer 23

Foxgloves

Question 24

The painkiller aspirin originates from where

Answer 24

Willow

Question 25

What does toxicity mean

Answer 25

The amount a substance can be poisonous/toxic and harm animals

Question 26

Efficacy meaning

Answer 26

The ability to produce a desired of intended result

Question 27

Dosage meaning

Answer 27

How much of a drug should be given

Question 28

Pre clinical trials (1)

Answer 28

Done on animals or tissue to test for toxicity

Question 29

Clinical trial (2)

Answer 29

Done on healthy volunteers to test for toxicity

Question 30

Clinical Trial (3)

Answer 30

Done on small number of patients with the disease to test for toxicity, efficacy and dose

Question 31

Clinical Trial (4)

Answer 31

Done on large number of patients with the disease to test for efficacy and dose

Question 32

How can diet, smoking and exercising an affect the risk of cardiovascular disease

Answer 32

If your diet had too much saturated fat in it it can increase your cholesterol which increases your chance of getting coronary heart disease. Being overweight also means your heart has to work harder which leads to high blood pressure. Smoking makes the lining of your vessels rough which makes it easier for things to block up in them

Question 33

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 33

This is when you are not able to react to insulin. Obesity increases the risk of getting type 2 diabetes because it rises your glucose level and means you have more fat in your body so your insulin resists and may end up tiring your pancreas. The cost of this on the NHS is 10%

Question 34

Effects of alcohol on unborn babies

Answer 34

If their mothers are drinking during pregnancy they tend to be born prematurely which comes with lots of potential complications

Question 35

Symptoms of lung disease

Answer 35

Breathlessness, tiredness and terrible effects on lungs

Question 36

What is a tumour

Answer 36

When cells divide very rapidly and unnaturally and create a mass of tissues

Question 37

Difference between benign and a malignant tumour

Answer 37

A benign tumour is non cancerous and grow locally and cannot spread by invasion. Whereas malignant tumours are cancerous and invade neighbouring tissues and enter blood vessels.