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Pneumonia > Communicable Disease- Pneumonia > Flashcards

Communicable Disease- Pneumonia Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation of lung tissues

A

Pneumonia

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2
Q

Factors Predisposing to Pneumonia

A

15
1. Aging
2. Air pollution
3. Altered consciousness, alcoholism, head injury seizures
4. Altered oropharyngeal flora secondary to antibiotics
5. Bed rest and prolonged immobility
6. Chronic diseases: chronic lung disease, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, cancer, end - stage renal disease.
7. Debilitating disease
8. Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
9. Immunosuppressive drugs (corticosteroids,
cancer
chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplant).
10. Inhalation or aspiration of noxious substances
11. Intestinal and gastric feedings via nasogastric or naso-intestinal tubes
12. Malnutrition
13. Smoking
14. Tracheal intubation (endotracheal intubation, tracheostomy)
15. Upper respiratory tract infection

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3
Q

Acquisition of Organisms that cause pneumonia

A

AIH

Aspiration from the nasopharynx or oropharynx.
- many organisms that cause pneumonia are normal inhabitants of pharynx in healthy adults

Inhalation of microbes present in air
-eg. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and fungal pneumonias

Hematogeneous spread from a primary infection elsewhere in body
- stapyloccocus aureus

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4
Q

Types of Pneumonia

A
  1. Community Acquired Pneumonia
  2. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia
    Ventilator Acquired Pneumonia
    Health Care Associated Pneumonia
  3. Fungal Pneumonia
  4. Aspiration Pneumonia
  5. Opportunistic Pneumonia
  6. Pneumococcal Pneumonia
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5
Q

a lower respiratory tract infection of lung tissues with the onset in the community or during the first 2 days of hospitalization.

A

Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

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6
Q

A pneumonia occurring 48 hours or longer after hospital admission and not incubating at the time of hospitalization

A

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)

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7
Q

Pneumonia that occurs more than 48 to 72 hours after endotracheal intubation.

A

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

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8
Q

includes patient with a new onset pneumonia who:

a. Was hospitalized in an acute care hospital for 2 more days within 90 days of the infection.

b. Reside in a long - term care facility.

c. Received recent intravenous antibiotic
therapy, chemotherapy or wound care within the past 30 days of the current infection.

d. Attended a hospital or hemodialysis clinic.

A

Health Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP)

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9
Q

Caused by fungi

  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Coccidioides immitis
  • Candida albicans
A

Fungal Pneumonia

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10
Q

Refers to the sequelae caused by abnormal entry of secretions or substances into the lower airway.

It usually follows aspiration of material from the mouth or stomach into the trachea and subsequently into the lungs.

A

Aspiration Pneumonia

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11
Q

The patient who has aspiration pneumonia usually has a history of?

A

Loss of Consciousness

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12
Q

Why do patient who has history of loss of consciousness is at risk for Aspiration Pneumonia?

A

During loss of consciousness the gag and cough reflexes are depressed so aspiration is more likely to occur.

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13
Q

Triggering mechanism causing the aspiration pneumonia

A

Aspirated material such as (food, water, vomitus, or toxic fluids (e.g., gastric juices)

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14
Q

Patients with altered immune responses are at risk to respiratory infections.

A

Opportunistic Pneumonia

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15
Q

These are patients who are at risk for Opportunistic Pneumonia

A

a. Those who have severe protein - calorie malnutrition.

b. Those who have immune deficiencies.

c. Those who have received transplants and have been “ treated with immunosuppressive drugs.

d. Patients who are being treated with radiation therapy, chemotherapy drugs, and prolonged corticosteroid therapy.

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16
Q

Causative agents that cause Opportunistic Pneumonia

A

BVP PFC

• Bacteria (gram-negative)
• Virus
• Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinin)
• Fungus
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

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17
Q

most common acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - defining opportunistic infection.

A

Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia

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18
Q

cause of viral pneumonia in the immunecompromised patients, particularly in
transplant recipients

A

Cytomogelavirus (CMV)

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19
Q

It is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia

A

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

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20
Q

It is a bacteria usually found in nose and throat in Pneumoccocal Pneumonia

A

Streptoccocus Pneumoniae also called Pneumococcus

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21
Q

Pathophysiology of Pneumoccocal Pneumonia

A
  1. Congestion
  2. Red Hepatization
  3. Gray Hepatization
  4. Resolution
22
Q

PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA

What happens during Congestion?

A

After pneumococcus organisms invade alveoli, there is outpouring of fluid into alveoli.

microorganisms multiply in serous fluid and infection is spread

pneumococci damage the host by their overwhelming growth and by interfering with lung function.

23
Q

PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA

What happens during Red Hepatization?

A

There is massive dilation of the capillaries

The alveoli are filled with organisms, neutrophils, red blood cells and fibrin.

The lungs appear red and granular, similar to the (liver, thus hepatization.)

24
Q

PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA

What happens during Gray Hepatization?

A

Blood flow decreases and leukocytes and fibrin consolidate in the affected part of lung

25
Q

PNEUMOCCOAL PNEUMONIA

What happens during Resolution?

A

Complete resolutiom and healing occur if there are no complications

The exudate becomes lysed and is processed by the macrophages

The normal lung tissue is restored and the patient’s gas exchange ability returns to normal

26
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Pneumoccoal Pneumonia

A

9 FSC SPP CSP

Fever
Shaking
Chills
Shortness of Breath
Productive Couge (Rusty Colored Sputum)
Pleuritic Chest Pain
Confusion, Stupor
Pulmonary Consolidated

27
Q

dullness on percussion of the chest, increased fremitus, bronchial breath sound and crackles

A

Pulmonary Consolidation

28
Q

Pathophysiology of Pneumonia

A

Bacterial, Viral, Fungal, Mycoplasma, Aspiration, Chemial Irritants → Inflammation of lung tissue → Hypertrophy of Mucous Membrane →Increased Capillary Permeability → Inflammation of Pleurae → Hypoventilation → Protective Mechanism

29
Q

Patient may manifests if there is Hypertrophy of Mucous Membrane

A

IWD CRR

Increased sputum production
Wheezing
Dyspnea
Cough
Rales
Rhonci

30
Q

Patient may manifests if there Increased Capillary Permeability

A

ICH

Increased fuid in ISC (interstitial compartment)
Consolidation
Hypoxemia

31
Q

Patient may manifests if there Inflammation of the Pleurae

A

CP DDD

Chest pain
Pleural effusion
Dullness
Diminished breath sounds
Decreased vocal fremitus

32
Q

Patient may manifests if there is Hypoventilation

A

DR

Decreased chest expansion
Respiratory Acidosis

33
Q

Patient may manifests during Protective Mechanism

A

IIF

Increased WBC (leukocytosis)
Increased RR
Fever

34
Q

Complications of Pneumonia

A

9 PPA BLE PME

Pleurisy
Pleural Effusion
Atelectasis
Bacteremia
Lung Abscess
Empyema
Pericarditis
Meningitis
Endocarditis

35
Q

inflammation of the pleurae

A

Pleurisy

36
Q

Transudate fluid in the pleural space.

A

Pleural Effusion

37
Q

airless, collapsed alveoli.

These areas usually clear with effective coughing and deep breathing.

A

Atelectasis

38
Q

bacterial infection in the blood

A

Bacteremia

39
Q

It is caused by pneumonia due to steptococcus aureus and gram - negative pneumonia.

A

Lung abscess

40
Q

accumulation of purulent exudate in the pleural cavity.

This requires antibiotic therapy and drainage of the exudate by a chest tube or open surgical drainage.

A

Empyema

41
Q

Results from the spread of the infecting organism from an infected pleura or via hematogenous route to the pericardium.

A

Pericarditis

42
Q

It can be caused by streptococcus pneumonia.

A

Meningitis

43
Q

The patient with pneumonia who is disoriented, confused, or somnolent should have this procedure to evaluate the possibility of meningitis.

A

Lumbar Puncture

44
Q

It can develop when the organism attack the endocardium and the valves of the heart

A

Endocarditis

45
Q

Interprofessional collaborative management for patients with pneumonia

A

Promote rest

Provide adequte fluids

Incentive spirometry

O2 Therapy

Semi- fowler’s position

Bronchial hygiene measures

Oral hygiene

Humidifier

Splint chest when coughing

Monitor sputum, chest XRay, Temperature

Pharmacotherapy: Antibiotics

Influenza and Pneumoccoal Vaccine prior discharged as prescribed

46
Q

Recommended position for Pneumonia

A

SEMI- FOWLERS

to promote lung expansion

47
Q

Pharmacological treatment with Asthma

A

Antibiotics

but

Blood culture should be done before starting antibiotics

48
Q

Vaccine given annually for patients with Pneumonia

A

Influenza Vaccine

49
Q

Vaccine given every 5 years with Pneumonia

A

Pneumonia vaccine or

Pneumococcal vaccine

50
Q

Do these vaccines can be given at the same time?

A

Yes, these vaccines can be given at the same time but in different arms.

51
Q

How many weeks during Pleural Effusion may be reabsorbed?

A

1-2 weeks

52
Q

If it has pass weeks, what should be done in Pleural Effusion?

A

if not, thoracentesis (aspiration of the fluid) is done.

Pneumonia (1 decks)

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