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[Epid 201] Third Exam > Communicable Disease Epidemiology > Flashcards

Communicable Disease Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Anesthesiologist; disputed the miasmic theory of disease

A

John Snow

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2
Q

an empirical study in which the experimental conditions (i.e., which units receive which treatment) are determined by nature or by other factors out of the control of the experimenters and yet the treatment assignment process is arguably exogenous or “as-if random.” Broad Street Pump intervention

A

Natural experiment

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3
Q

True or False. Farr disputed Snow.

A

True

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4
Q

“bad air theory”

A

Miasmic Theory

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5
Q

Causative agent of plague

A

Yersinia pestis

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6
Q

Vector responsible for The Black Death

A

Rats. Ships travelled bringing food and produce infested by rats

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7
Q

of people; and year of the Great Plague

A

450M down to 350M-375M by the year 1400

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8
Q

Enumerate the plagues

A

The Great Plagues of Seville, London, Vienna, Marseille. Italian Plague; Great Plague of 1738, Russian Plague of 1770-1772

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9
Q

Ships arriving at Venice were required to sit at anchor for 40 days before landing

A

Quarantine (from Italian quaranta giorni)

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10
Q

Established the Bureau of Quarantine

A

Public Health Services Act of 1944

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11
Q

Reports underestimate the true burden of disease

A

The Iceberg Concept of Infection

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12
Q

Attempted to document the natural history of syphilis

A

Tuskgee Trial

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13
Q

Causal links of NCDs

A

Underlying factors, Behavorial risk factors, metabolic/physiological factors

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14
Q

Number 1 Global Cause of Death in 2006

A

Heart Disease

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15
Q

phase of development witnessed by a sudden and stark increase in population growth rates brought about by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy and treatment, followed by a re-leveling of population growth from subsequent declines in fertility rates

A

Epidemiological Transition

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16
Q

Posited the replacement of infectious diseases by chronic diseases over time due to expanded public health and sanitation

A

Abdel Omran

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17
Q

No. 1 re-emerging and re surging communicable disease in the world

A

Dengue Fever

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18
Q

Where mortality is high and fluctuating, precluding sustained population growth, with low and variable life expectancy, vacillating between 20 and 40 years.

A

Age of Pestilence and Famine

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19
Q

Where mortality progressively declines, with the rate of decline accelerating as epidemic peaks decrease in frequency. Average life expectancy increases steadily from about 30 to 50 years. Population growth is sustained and begins to be exponential.

A

The Age of Receding Pandemics

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20
Q

empirical cross-sectional relationship between life expectancy and real per capita income

A

Preston Curve

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21
Q

Upward shift in the x.s. graph of expectancy and real per capita income

A

Technology applies equally to all

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22
Q

Increase in the first derivative or slope of x.s. graph of expectancy and real per capita income

A

Favors the rich countries

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23
Q

Decrease in the first derivative or slope of x.s. graph of expectancy and real per capita income

A

Favors poor countries

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24
Q

Preston Attributes

A

Education, Better Technology, Vaccinations, Improved provision of public health services, oral rehydration therapy, better nutrition

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25
Q

True or False. Africa will still be the number 1 country in terms of number of cases of HIV

A

False. China and India will by the principle of economies of scale.

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26
Q

Addressing mere symptoms or manifestations of disease, rather than the underlying pathogenesis e.g. organ transplantation

A

Half-way technology

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27
Q

Dialysis, respiratory

A

Non-technology

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28
Q

True or False. Young adults were most susceptible during the 1918 Spanish Influenza

A

True

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29
Q

Elements of the epidemiological triad

A

Host, Agent, Environment

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30
Q

True or False. Epid triad may apply for NCDs

A

True.

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31
Q

Entry and devpt or mult. of an infectious agent in the body of man or animals

A

Infection

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32
Q

Gradients of infection

A

Colonization, subclinical, latent, manifest or clinical

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33
Q

Presence of an ID agent on a bodyu surface or in clothes, beddings, toys, surgical instruments or dressing or other articles or substances including water and food

A

Contamination

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34
Q

lodogement, development and reproduction of arthropods on the surface of the body or in the clothing, e.g. lice, itch mite. invasion of the gut by parasitic worms e.g. STH

A

Infestation

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35
Q

transmitted through contact. name and give examples.

A

Contagious disease. scabies and STDs

36
Q

True or False. Incidence is usually more relevant for a communicable disease

A

True. Prevalence is of little interest. Remember, P=ID, but D is short usually for CDs.

37
Q

natural habitat of the infectious agent

A

Reservoir

38
Q

Always, Sometimes, Never. An epidemic is 10% more than the usual.

A

Sometimes. One case of smallpox or polio may be considered an epidemic already.

39
Q

Constant presence of a disease or ID agent within a given geographic area of population group

A

Endemic

40
Q

Disease is constantly present at high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all age groups equally.

A

Hyperendemic

41
Q

Age groups are not affected equally and children are more vulnerable and taper off in adult stage showing evidence of disease.

A

Holoendemic. A disease for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most or all of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium, such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less frequently than do the children.

42
Q

True or False. Rabies is an example of a holoendemic disease.

A

False. Malaria is.

43
Q

An epidemic affecting a large prop of the popln occuring over a wide geographic area such as a section of a nation, entire nations or continents

A

Pandemic

44
Q

Cases are few and are separated widely in time and place they show no or little connection with each other nor a recognizable common source of infection

A

Sporadic Disease

45
Q

Always, Sometimes, Never. Sporadic cases of polio may be a starting point of an epidemic.

A

Sometimes. Only when there are favorable conditions. :))

46
Q

Give examples of organisms that take the opportunity to infect when the host defense is low.

A

TB, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus

47
Q

True or False. When one case resurfaces, there is no more eradication.

A

True. It’s an all-or-none phenomenon. e.g. smallpox

48
Q

Eradication of a disease from a large geographic area

A

Elimination. Such as in polio, measles and diphtheria

49
Q

Proportion of non-immune exposed individuals who become clinically ill.

A

Attack rate

50
Q

First case.

A

Index case.

51
Q

Transmission of disease from vertebrate animal to man

A

Zoonosis

52
Q

Outbreak of disease in an animal population

A

Epizootic e.g. rift valley fever

53
Q

Endemic occurring in animals

A

Enzotic e.g. bovine TB

54
Q

Potential for an ID to spread

A

Reproductive rate of isolation

55
Q

Name the factors for the spread of ID

A

Probability of transmission between infected and susceptible; frequence of population contact; duration of infection; virulence of organism, population immune proportion

56
Q

Vaccinate a minimum number of people confers immunity to the population

A

Herd Immunity

57
Q

Source/Reservoir–>Modes of transmission–>Susceptible host

A

Chain of Infection

58
Q

Types of reservoir

A

Human, animal, non-living

59
Q

Classification of cases are?

A

Latent, Subclinical, clinical (mild/severe-typical/atypical)

60
Q

Three elements to be a carrier

A

presence in the body of the disease agent. absence of recognizable Sx, shedding of disease agent

61
Q

Examples of diseases found in non-living reservoirs

A

Tetanus, anthrax, and cocciodiomycosis

62
Q

Direct modes of transmission and give examples for each

A

Direct contact (scabies), Droplet infection (TB), Contact with soil (e.g. STH), Incubation with skin or mucosa (HIV?), trans-placental (vertical transmission) (Hepa and HIV as well)

63
Q

Four stages of successful parasitism

A

Portal of entry; site of selection inside the body; portal of exit; survival in external evt.

64
Q

Degree of pathogenicity; disease evoking power; Overt Infection/Case load; may be equal to CFR

A

Virulence

65
Q

True or False. CFR lowering means that there are more effective treatments for a disease.

A

False. It it possible that the number of cases detected just dropped di ba? :)) Pwede pa ngang negative ang mangyari

66
Q

Gap between the onset of primary and secondary cases

A

Serial interval

67
Q

Length of time a person can transmit disease

A

Infectious (communicable) period

68
Q

time from exposure to devpt of disease (onset of first Sx)

A

Incubation period

69
Q

Period between exposure and the onset of infectiousness

A

Latent Period/Generation Time (Epi Book)

70
Q

True or False. Incubation period is longer than latent period.

A

False. The two may vary.

71
Q

The Big Three

A

AIDS, TB and malaria

72
Q

Emerging and re-emerging

A

Dengue, AH1N1, Corona

73
Q

NTDs

A

Leprosy, rabies, Lepto, Schisto, STH, Lymph. filariasis

74
Q

Celebrity poster boy of AIDS

A

Rock Hudson

75
Q

We educated a lot of people today.

A

Michael Johnson to Dennis Rodman

76
Q

Cause of Manuel Quezon’s death

A

TB

77
Q

True or False. The lifetime risk of developing TB is 60% in PPD+ and HIV+

A

True. Duh.

78
Q

Four Stages of HIV Infection

A

Primary HIV Infection, Asymptomatic, Symptomatic, AIDS

79
Q

<500 cells/mm3 CD4 count. What is this level and what is its significance.

A

TB Death Zone. Give ARTs at this level because RCTs have shown dramatic better prognosis.

80
Q

convergence of two or more diseases that act synergistically to magnify the burden of disease

A

Syndemic

81
Q

Mortality continues to decline and eventually approaches stability at a relatively low level.

A

Age of Degenerative or Man-made Disease

82
Q

Period of SARS, H1N1, Cancers,

A

Age of Delayed Degenerative and Re-emerging Infections

83
Q

No. 1 Disease by 2030

A

Unipolar depressive disorders

84
Q

Stages in the Natural History of Disease

A

Susceptibility; Subclinical; Clinical; Recovery, Death or Disability

85
Q

Inanimate object that is laden with disease causing agents

A

Fomite

[Epid 201] Third Exam (1 decks)

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