Communicable Disease Epidemiology

Question 1

Anesthesiologist; disputed the miasmic theory of disease

Answer 1

John Snow

Question 2

an empirical study in which the experimental conditions (i.e., which units receive which treatment) are determined by nature or by other factors out of the control of the experimenters and yet the treatment assignment process is arguably exogenous or “as-if random.” Broad Street Pump intervention

Answer 2

Natural experiment

Question 3

True or False. Farr disputed Snow.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

“bad air theory”

Answer 4

Miasmic Theory

Question 5

Causative agent of plague

Answer 5

Yersinia pestis

Question 6

Vector responsible for The Black Death

Answer 6

Rats. Ships travelled bringing food and produce infested by rats

Question 7

of people; and year of the Great Plague

Answer 7

450M down to 350M-375M by the year 1400

Question 8

Enumerate the plagues

Answer 8

The Great Plagues of Seville, London, Vienna, Marseille. Italian Plague; Great Plague of 1738, Russian Plague of 1770-1772

Question 9

Ships arriving at Venice were required to sit at anchor for 40 days before landing

Answer 9

Quarantine (from Italian quaranta giorni)

Question 10

Established the Bureau of Quarantine

Answer 10

Public Health Services Act of 1944

Question 11

Reports underestimate the true burden of disease

Answer 11

The Iceberg Concept of Infection

Question 12

Attempted to document the natural history of syphilis

Answer 12

Tuskgee Trial

Question 13

Causal links of NCDs

Answer 13

Underlying factors, Behavorial risk factors, metabolic/physiological factors

Question 14

Number 1 Global Cause of Death in 2006

Answer 14

Heart Disease

Question 15

phase of development witnessed by a sudden and stark increase in population growth rates brought about by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy and treatment, followed by a re-leveling of population growth from subsequent declines in fertility rates

Answer 15

Epidemiological Transition

Question 16

Posited the replacement of infectious diseases by chronic diseases over time due to expanded public health and sanitation

Answer 16

Abdel Omran

Question 17

No. 1 re-emerging and re surging communicable disease in the world

Answer 17

Dengue Fever

Question 18

Where mortality is high and fluctuating, precluding sustained population growth, with low and variable life expectancy, vacillating between 20 and 40 years.

Answer 18

Age of Pestilence and Famine

Question 19

Where mortality progressively declines, with the rate of decline accelerating as epidemic peaks decrease in frequency. Average life expectancy increases steadily from about 30 to 50 years. Population growth is sustained and begins to be exponential.

Answer 19

The Age of Receding Pandemics

Question 20

empirical cross-sectional relationship between life expectancy and real per capita income

Answer 20

Preston Curve

Question 21

Upward shift in the x.s. graph of expectancy and real per capita income

Answer 21

Technology applies equally to all

Question 22

Increase in the first derivative or slope of x.s. graph of expectancy and real per capita income

Answer 22

Favors the rich countries

Question 23

Decrease in the first derivative or slope of x.s. graph of expectancy and real per capita income

Answer 23

Favors poor countries

Question 24

Preston Attributes

Answer 24

Education, Better Technology, Vaccinations, Improved provision of public health services, oral rehydration therapy, better nutrition

Question 25

True or False. Africa will still be the number 1 country in terms of number of cases of HIV

Answer 25

False. China and India will by the principle of economies of scale.

Question 26

Addressing mere symptoms or manifestations of disease, rather than the underlying pathogenesis e.g. organ transplantation

Answer 26

Half-way technology

Question 27

Dialysis, respiratory

Answer 27

Non-technology

Question 28

True or False. Young adults were most susceptible during the 1918 Spanish Influenza

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Elements of the epidemiological triad

Answer 29

Host, Agent, Environment

Question 30

True or False. Epid triad may apply for NCDs

Answer 30

True.

Question 31

Entry and devpt or mult. of an infectious agent in the body of man or animals

Answer 31

Infection

Question 32

Gradients of infection

Answer 32

Colonization, subclinical, latent, manifest or clinical

Question 33

Presence of an ID agent on a bodyu surface or in clothes, beddings, toys, surgical instruments or dressing or other articles or substances including water and food

Answer 33

Contamination

Question 34

lodogement, development and reproduction of arthropods on the surface of the body or in the clothing, e.g. lice, itch mite. invasion of the gut by parasitic worms e.g. STH

Answer 34

Infestation

Question 35

transmitted through contact. name and give examples.

Answer 35

Contagious disease. scabies and STDs

Question 36

True or False. Incidence is usually more relevant for a communicable disease

Answer 36

True. Prevalence is of little interest. Remember, P=ID, but D is short usually for CDs.

Question 37

natural habitat of the infectious agent

Answer 37

Reservoir

Question 38

Always, Sometimes, Never. An epidemic is 10% more than the usual.

Answer 38

Sometimes. One case of smallpox or polio may be considered an epidemic already.

Question 39

Constant presence of a disease or ID agent within a given geographic area of population group

Answer 39

Endemic

Question 40

Disease is constantly present at high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all age groups equally.

Answer 40

Hyperendemic

Question 41

Age groups are not affected equally and children are more vulnerable and taper off in adult stage showing evidence of disease.

Answer 41

Holoendemic. A disease for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most or all of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium, such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less frequently than do the children.

Question 42

True or False. Rabies is an example of a holoendemic disease.

Answer 42

False. Malaria is.

Question 43

An epidemic affecting a large prop of the popln occuring over a wide geographic area such as a section of a nation, entire nations or continents

Answer 43

Pandemic

Question 44

Cases are few and are separated widely in time and place they show no or little connection with each other nor a recognizable common source of infection

Answer 44

Sporadic Disease

Question 45

Always, Sometimes, Never. Sporadic cases of polio may be a starting point of an epidemic.

Answer 45

Sometimes. Only when there are favorable conditions. :))

Question 46

Give examples of organisms that take the opportunity to infect when the host defense is low.

Answer 46

TB, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus

Question 47

True or False. When one case resurfaces, there is no more eradication.

Answer 47

True. It's an all-or-none phenomenon. e.g. smallpox

Question 48

Eradication of a disease from a large geographic area

Answer 48

Elimination. Such as in polio, measles and diphtheria

Question 49

Proportion of non-immune exposed individuals who become clinically ill.

Answer 49

Attack rate

Question 50

First case.

Answer 50

Index case.

Question 51

Transmission of disease from vertebrate animal to man

Answer 51

Zoonosis

Question 52

Outbreak of disease in an animal population

Answer 52

Epizootic e.g. rift valley fever

Question 53

Endemic occurring in animals

Answer 53

Enzotic e.g. bovine TB

Question 54

Potential for an ID to spread

Answer 54

Reproductive rate of isolation

Question 55

Name the factors for the spread of ID

Answer 55

Probability of transmission between infected and susceptible; frequence of population contact; duration of infection; virulence of organism, population immune proportion

Question 56

Vaccinate a minimum number of people confers immunity to the population

Answer 56

Herd Immunity

Question 57

Source/Reservoir-->Modes of transmission-->Susceptible host

Answer 57

Chain of Infection

Question 58

Types of reservoir

Answer 58

Human, animal, non-living

Question 59

Classification of cases are?

Answer 59

Latent, Subclinical, clinical (mild/severe-typical/atypical)

Question 60

Three elements to be a carrier

Answer 60

presence in the body of the disease agent. absence of recognizable Sx, shedding of disease agent

Question 61

Examples of diseases found in non-living reservoirs

Answer 61

Tetanus, anthrax, and cocciodiomycosis

Question 62

Direct modes of transmission and give examples for each

Answer 62

Direct contact (scabies), Droplet infection (TB), Contact with soil (e.g. STH), Incubation with skin or mucosa (HIV?), trans-placental (vertical transmission) (Hepa and HIV as well)

Question 63

Four stages of successful parasitism

Answer 63

Portal of entry; site of selection inside the body; portal of exit; survival in external evt.

Question 64

Degree of pathogenicity; disease evoking power; Overt Infection/Case load; may be equal to CFR

Answer 64

Virulence

Question 65

True or False. CFR lowering means that there are more effective treatments for a disease.

Answer 65

False. It it possible that the number of cases detected just dropped di ba? :)) Pwede pa ngang negative ang mangyari

Question 66

Gap between the onset of primary and secondary cases

Answer 66

Serial interval

Question 67

Length of time a person can transmit disease

Answer 67

Infectious (communicable) period

Question 68

time from exposure to devpt of disease (onset of first Sx)

Answer 68

Incubation period

Question 69

Period between exposure and the onset of infectiousness

Answer 69

Latent Period/Generation Time (Epi Book)

Question 70

True or False. Incubation period is longer than latent period.

Answer 70

False. The two may vary.

Question 71

The Big Three

Answer 71

AIDS, TB and malaria

Question 72

Emerging and re-emerging

Answer 72

Dengue, AH1N1, Corona

Question 73

NTDs

Answer 73

Leprosy, rabies, Lepto, Schisto, STH, Lymph. filariasis

Question 74

Celebrity poster boy of AIDS

Answer 74

Rock Hudson

Question 75

We educated a lot of people today.

Answer 75

Michael Johnson to Dennis Rodman

Question 76

Cause of Manuel Quezon's death

Answer 76

TB

Question 77

True or False. The lifetime risk of developing TB is 60% in PPD+ and HIV+

Answer 77

True. Duh.

Question 78

Four Stages of HIV Infection

Answer 78

Primary HIV Infection, Asymptomatic, Symptomatic, AIDS

Question 79

<500 cells/mm3 CD4 count. What is this level and what is its significance.

Answer 79

TB Death Zone. Give ARTs at this level because RCTs have shown dramatic better prognosis.

Question 80

convergence of two or more diseases that act synergistically to magnify the burden of disease

Answer 80

Syndemic

Question 81

Mortality continues to decline and eventually approaches stability at a relatively low level.

Answer 81

Age of Degenerative or Man-made Disease

Question 82

Period of SARS, H1N1, Cancers,

Answer 82

Age of Delayed Degenerative and Re-emerging Infections

Question 83

No. 1 Disease by 2030

Answer 83

Unipolar depressive disorders

Question 84

Stages in the Natural History of Disease

Answer 84

Susceptibility; Subclinical; Clinical; Recovery, Death or Disability

Question 85

Inanimate object that is laden with disease causing agents

Answer 85

Fomite