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Biology Topic 5 - health > communicable disease > Flashcards

communicable disease Flashcards

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1
Q

WHO

A

world health organisation

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2
Q

How does WHO define health?

A

state of physical, mental and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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3
Q

what does disease mean?

A

where part of an organism doesn’t function properly

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of disease?

A

communicable and non communicable

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5
Q

what is a communicable disease?

A

a communicable disease is caused by a pathogen which can easily be spread between organisms, through different modes of transmission

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6
Q

what are examples of communicable diseases?

A

cholera, chlamydia, stomach ulcers, Ebola, HIV, malaria, athlete’s foot

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7
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

micro organism that causes disease

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8
Q

what are the 4 types of pathogens?

A

fungi
protozoa
bacteria
virus

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9
Q

name the different modes of transmission

A

sharing needles, drinking contaminated water, sex, unhygienic food preparation, air droplets, vectors

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10
Q

if someone is affected by a disease already, why are they more susceptible to others?

A
  • this is because the pathogen has already made their immune system weaker
  • meaning that the immune system is less able to defend the organism against more/multiple pathogens
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11
Q

bacteria

A

very small cells which can reproduce rapidly inside the body and produce toxins, damaging cells and making us feel unwell

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12
Q

viruses

A

unlike bacteria, viruses are not cells, meaning they can’t reproduce without using a host cell’s machinery
it will replicate itself in the host cell, till the point of cell lysis, which releases all the new viruses
the cell damage is what makes us feel ill

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13
Q

fungi

A

some are unicellular, and others have a body of hyphae which can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants
some hyphae produce spores which can spread to other plants and animals

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14
Q

protists

A
  • all are eukaryotes, most are unicellular
  • can be spread by vectors (organisms which spread the disease but don’t catch it themselves)
  • some are parasites, which live on/inside organisms, causing them damage
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15
Q

TB

A
  • full name: tuberculosis
  • pathogen: mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • symptoms: coughing, lung damage
  • MOT: air droplets, coughs, sneezes
  • how to reduce cases: self isolate, social distance, wear masks, get vaccine, well ventilated home. practice good hygiene
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15
Q

cholera

A
  • pathogen: bacteria, vibrio cholerae
  • symptoms: diarrhoea, nausea leading to severe dehydration
  • MOT: contaminated water
  • prevention: filtering, boiling water before use, oral rehydration solutions
16
Q

stomach ulcers

A
  • pathogen: bacteria, helicobacter pylori
  • symptoms: nausea, stomachache, vomiting, weight loss
  • MOT: oral transmission
  • prevention: clean water supplies, disinfecting food preparation surface, washing hands before meals or cooking
17
Q

ebola

A
  • pathogen: virus
  • MOT: bodily fluids
  • symptoms: haemorrhagic fever
  • prevention: medical staff should wear PPE, disinfect belongings of the infected
18
Q

chlamydia

A
  • pathogen: bacteria, an STI
  • MOT: sex, not really any symptoms
  • prevention: condoms, screening
  • effects: can cause infertility, could be passed on from an infected woman to baby during childbirth
19
Q

HIV

A
  • pathogen: virus
  • symptoms: initially experience flu-like symptoms, then don’t experience symptoms for many years
  • MOT: bodily fluids (semen, blood)
  • weakens the immune system, when almost all white blood cells are destroyed, leads to AIDS
    the person is a lot more susceptible to other diseases as their immune system fails
  • prevention: condom, not sharing needles, screening, antiretrovirals (slow down HIV replication)
20
Q

Chalara ash dieback

A
  • pathogen: fungus infecting ash trees
  • symptoms: loss of leaves, bark lesions
  • MOT: carried through the air by wind
  • prevention: removing infected ash trees, and replanting a different species of tree, restricting imports/movement of ash trees
20
Q

malaria

A
  • pathogen: protist
  • MOT: vectors (mosquitoes)
  • symptoms: repeating episodes of fever
  • prevention: mosquito nets, full sleeves, insect repellent, insecticides
  • long term effects: in serious cases, damages the liver as well as RBCS, so it can be fatal
21
Q

structure of a virus

A

inside contains genetic material (DNA/RNA)
surrounded by a protein coat

22
Q

what are the two pathways for virus replication?

A
  • lytic
  • lysogenic
23
Q

describe the lytic pathway

A
  1. virus attaches itself to the receptors on a host cell, and injects its genetic material into the cell
  2. the virus uses the host cell’s machinery to replicate itself and produce new components of the virus
  3. the new virus components assemble to produce new viruses
  4. cell lysis occurs, releasing all the new viruses
  5. these new viruses attack other host cells
24
Q

describe the lysogenic pathway

A
  1. virus attaches to specific receptors on the host cell and injects its DNA into the host cell
  2. the virus’ genetic material is incorporated into the host cell’s genome
  3. every time the host cell divides, the viral genetic material is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA
  4. no new viruses are made, as the virus is dormant
  5. eventually, a trigger causes the viral DNA to leave the genome of the host cell and enter the lytic pathway
25
Q

3 methods plant pathologists can use to identify plant disease

A

field identification (gardening manual, investigating distribution of infected plants)
lab tests (detecting DNA/antigens of the pathogen using chosen techniques)
ruling out environmental causes

26
Q

what are the chemical defences for a plant?

A
  • produce poisons to deter pests trying to feed on their leaves (e.g. nicotine produced by tobacco plants)
  • produce chemicals called antiseptics killing fungi and bacteria
  • some chemicals they produce can be used to treat human diseases e.g.
    1. quinine, cinchona tree, for years it was the main treatment for malaria
    2. aspirin, comes from the bark and leaves of willow trees, for pain relief
26
Q

what are the physical defences for a plant?

A
  • waxy cuticle is thick to stop pathogens from entering plant cells, and it is waterproof to reduce the risk of infection by pathogens carried in water
  • cellulose cell wall acts as a barrier against pathogens that have made it past the waxy cuticle
27
Q

what are some symptoms of plant disease?

A

galls, areas of decay, discolouration, stunted growth, spots on leaves, presence of pests, malformed stems/leaves

28
Q

what symptoms of a plant can indicate nutrient deficiency?

A

yellow leaves (chlorosis), stunted growth

29
Q

which method of identification is more accurate and why?

A

Lab based diagnostic testing allows accurate identification of specific pathogens, whereas field-testing is a bit more rough

Biology Topic 5 - health (3 decks)

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