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Community and Public Health > Communicable Disease > Flashcards

Communicable Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Specific Protection Against Disease

A

Immunization, Chemoprophylaxis, and Mechanical Prophylaxis

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2
Q

Vaccine Available for Routine Immunization

A
  1. DPT (Diphtheria, pertusis and tetanus) vaccine.
  2. OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)
  3. MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella ) vaccine
  4. Hib (H. influenza type B) Polysaccharide vaccine
  5. Hepatitis B vaccine
  6. CDT (Cholera, Dysentery, Typhoid)
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3
Q
  1. DPT (Diphtheria, pertusis and tetanus) vaccine.
A
  • An early start with DPT reduces the chance of severe pertussis.

o Diptheria – caused by Corynebacterum diphteriae
o Pertussis - caused by Bordetella pertussis
o Tetanus – caused by Clostrodium tetani

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4
Q
  1. OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)
A
  • the extent of protection against polio is increased the earlier the OPV is given.
  • Poliomyelitis – caused by Polio virus
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5
Q
  1. MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella ) vaccine
A
  • Measles – caused by Measles virus
  • Mumps - caused by Mumps virus
  • German measles- caused by Rubella virus
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6
Q
  1. Hib (H. influenza type B) Polysaccharide vaccine
A
  • Meningitis- caused by Haemophilus influenza
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7
Q
  1. Hepatitis B vaccine
A
  • an early start of hepatitis B reduces the chance of being protects and becoming cancer.
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8
Q
  1. BCG (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin)
A
  • BCG given at the earliest possible protects against the possibility of infection from other family members.
    o Tuberculosis - caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
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9
Q
  1. CDT (Cholera, Dysentery, Typhoid)
A
  • Cholera - caused by Vibrio cholera
  • Dysentery - caused by Shigella dysenteriae
  • Typhoid - caused by Salmonella typhi
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10
Q

I. Immunization

A
  • The process of introducing vaccine into the body to produce antibodies that will protect our body against a specific infectious agent.
  • Artificial active immunity
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11
Q

II. Chemoprophylaxis

A
  • Administration of drugs to prevent occurrence of infection.
    o E.g Penicillin for gonorrhea, chloroquine for malaria, INH for tuberculosis
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12
Q

III. Mechanical Prophylaxis

A
  • Placing mechanical barriers between the sources of agent and host such as use of mosquito nets, masks or gloves
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13
Q

Communicable Disease

A
  • readily transferred from one infected person to a susceptible and uninfected person and maybe caused by microorganisms.
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14
Q

Acute disease

A

short-lived disease, like the common cold

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15
Q

Chronic Disease

A

that lasts for a long time, usually at least six months.

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16
Q

Latent Infection

A

an infection by an organism that remains inactive in the body.

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17
Q

Bacteremia

A

the simple presence of bacteria in the blood

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18
Q

Septicemia

A

infection in which pathogen grows massively in the body, being found in blood and throughout organs. Usually leads to death

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19
Q

Toxemia

A

indicates that toxins are circulating in the bloodstream

20
Q

Viremia

A

indicates that viruses are circulating in the bloodstream

21
Q

Sporadic

A

occasional cases

22
Q

Endemic

A

constantly present

23
Q

Epidemic

A

local outbreaks

24
Q

Pandemic

A

worldwide outbreaks

25
Q

Incidence

A

number of infected people during a particular time period (i.e. year)

26
Q

Prevalence

A

number of diseased people at any given time.

27
Q

Signs

A

measurable changes

28
Q

Symptoms

A

patient complaint

29
Q

Pathology

A

Study of Disease

30
Q

Etiology

A

cause of disease

31
Q

Pathogenesis

A

disease process

32
Q

Infection

A

colonization by microbe

33
Q

Disease

A

illness

34
Q

Pathogen

A

organism with potential to cause disease

35
Q

Infection

A

pathogen is growing in or on host

36
Q

Virulence

A

degree or intensity of pathogenicity

37
Q

Invasiveness

A

ability of pathogen to spread to other tissues in body

38
Q

Infectivity

A

ability of pathogen to establish infection

39
Q

Toxigenicity

A

ability of pathogen to secrete toxins

40
Q

Koch’s Postulate

A
  1. Microbe must be present in every case of disease, but absent from healthy individuals.
  2. Suspected microbe must be isolated from diseased host and grown in culture.
  3. Same disease must result when isolated microbe is introduced into healthy host.
  4. Same microbe must be isolated again from second diseased host
41
Q

Normal Microbiota or Flora

A
  • Compete for living space and nutrients with pathogens
  • Ex. Lactobacillus acidophilus
42
Q

Sites that Harbor Normal Flora

A

Skin and its contiguous mucous membranes
* Upper respiratory tract
* Gastrointestinal tract (various parts)
* Outer opening of urethra
* External genitalia
* Vagina
* External ear canal
* External eye (lids, conjunctiva)

43
Q

Sterile (Microbe-Free) Anatomical
Sites and Fluids

A

All Internal Tissues and Organs:
Heart and circulatory system
Liver
Kidneys and bladder
Lungs
Brain and spinal cord
Muscles
Bones
Ovaries/testes
Glands (pancreas, salivary, thyroid)
Sinuses
Middle and inner ear
Internal eye

Fluids Within an organ or Tissue
Blood
Urine in kidneys, ureters, bladder
Cerebrospinal fluid
Saliva prior to entering the oral cavity
Semen prior to entering the urethra
Amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo and fetus

44
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A
  • Organisms that cause disease when they enter different environment
    o Staphylococcus aureus enters break in skin
    o Escherichia coli enters peritoneal cavity from burst appendix
    o Clostridium difficile colonizes intestines when normal flora have been killed by antibiotics
45
Q

Types of Microorganism Causing Infections

A
  • Bacteria – the most common infection causing microorganisms
  • Viruses – consist primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter living cells in order to produce infection.
  • Fungi – includes yeast and mold.
  • Parasites - live on another living microorganism

Community and Public Health (4 decks)

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