communicable disease Flashcards
TB falls by how much/year?
2%
what is TB caused by
Myobacterium Tuberculosis
how is TB spread?
through the air (sneeze, cough…)
what percent of the world has TB (latent or not)
25%
how may ppl can become infected from an imdvdl with TB?
5-15
who are the highest populations at risk of TB
adults in developing countries, ppl with HIV, people who smoke or drink, people with undernutrition
what is the most common symptom of TB
cough with sputum/phlegm or blood, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats
how is tb diagnosised
with rapid molecular diagnostic tests
what is MDR TB
multi drug resistant form of tb caused by bacteria that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin
what are the two most affective first line tb drugs
isoniazid and rifampicin
what causes measels
a virus from the paramyxovirus
who are the highest population risk for measeles
unvaccinated children under 5 years old and unvaccinated pregnant women
how are the measles spread
through air and direct contact
what part of the body does the measles virus infect
the respiratory tract
how long does it take to display symptoms of measles after being exposed
10-12 days
what are common symptoms of the measles
initially a high fever, runny nose, red/watery eyes and small white spots on insides of the cheeks, followed by a rash on upper face and neck that eventually spreads
how long can the measles stay active and contagious when not on an infected person
up to 4 hrs
what causes malaria
a parasite (plasmodium) spread through infected female anopheles mosquitoes
who are the most vulnerable population to malaria
children under 5 years old, pregnant women, people with severe HIV/Aids
how long does it take to display symptoms of malaria after initial exposure
10-15 days
what are the initial symptoms of malaria
fever, headache and chills
what are symptoms in children who have a severe case of malaria
severe anemia, respiratory distress (metabolic acidosis), or cerebral malaria
what region is most affected by Malara
africa
what is the most effective way to control malaria transmission
vector contrl
what practices are commonly used to prevent malaria
using insecticide treated nets and getting vaccinated
define malaria eliminatin
the interruption of local transmission of a specified malaria parasite species in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate activities
define malaria eradication
the permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of malaria infection caused by human malaria parasites as a result of deliberate activities
define seasonal influenza
acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses which circulate in all parts of the world
what are influenza A viruses
classified into subtypes according to hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) on surface of cell
what are influenza B viruses
classified as lineages, currently circulating as B/yamagata and B/Victoria
what are Influenza C viruses
detected less frequently and usually causes mild infections, thus does not present public health importance
what are influenza D viruses
affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people
what populations are most at risk in industrialized countries
people over 65 years of age
what populations most at risk of developing influenza?
pregnant women, children under 2.5 years old, the elderly, people with chronic health conditions, people with immunesuppressive conditions and health care workers
define incubation period
the Time from infection to illness
what is the incubation period of seasonal influenza
1-4 days
what are the most effective way to prevent the spread of influenza
getting vaccinated, regular handwashing,isolation when sick, covering nose when sneezing/coughing, avoid touching face and staying out of contact with people who have the flu
