Commonly used drugs Flashcards
Aciclovir
Antiviral
Non retroviral DNA polymers inhibitors
Acetylcysteine
Mucolytic
Splits disulfide bonds in mucoproteins proteins
Adenosine
Antiarrhythmic (unclassified)
Activate ACh sensitive K+ currents in the atria and AV node to shorten action potential reaction and slow normal automaticity
Adrenaline
Adrenergic Drug
Catecholamine
Direct acting adrenoceptor agonist
Sympathomimetic
Aluminum hydroxide
Antacid
Buffer or neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach and raise gastric pH
Aminophylline
Bronchospasm relaxant
Amiodarone
Antiarrhythmic (Class III)
Blocks K, Na and Ca channel and beta receptors to prolong the effect of refractory period by prolonging action potential duration
Amoxycillin
Ampicillin
Antibiotic (mod-spectrum)
Beta-lactamase sensitive amino-penicillins with greater efficacy to selective gram- bacteria
Aspirin
NSAID
Analgesic, antipyretic anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet
Atenolol
Cardio selective beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist (beta blocker)
Competitively block B1 site located on smooth cardiac muscle to decrease: ~heart rate
~conduction velocity
~myocardial contractility
~cardiac output.
Atorvastatin
Antihypercholesterolemia/Antihyperlipidemia
Reversible inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase
Atropine
Muscarinic receptor antagonist
Parasympatholytic
Competitively block action of ACh at muscarinic receptors
Mydriatic, cycloplegic, antisecretory
Benzoin
Decongestant, antiseptic, astringent
Benztropine
Muscarinic receptor antagonists
Parasympatholytic/antimuscarinic/anticholinergic
Competitively block action of ACh at muscarinic receptors
Extrapyramidal disorders
Benzylpenicillin
Antibiotic
Penicillin G
Narrow spectrum penicillin
Betahistine
Centrally-acting histamine analogue
Vasodilator acts by increasing blood flow to labyrinth and brainstem
Ménière’s disease
Betamethasone
Glucocorticoid (long acting)
Gen. metabolic effects, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant actions and negative feedback effects on the HPA axis
Bisacodyl EC
Stimulant laxative
stimulates peristalsis on contact with mucosa to produce evacuation of the Bowels in 6 to 12 hours (tab) or within 15 to 16 minutes (suppository)
Budesonide
Glucocorticoid
Main action in the GIT
Chron’s disease
Bupivacaine
Local anesthetic
Long duration
Reversibly prevent generation and conduction of impulses in excitable membranes and decrease sensitivity of pain
Cefaclor Cefalotin (Cephalothin) Cefotaxime Ceftriaxone Cephalexin Cephazolin
Antibacterial
Cephalosporin
Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and are bactericidal
Patients with penicillin allergies
Chlorpromazine
Antipsychotic
Phenothiazine derivative
Antagonism of dopamine receptors (D2)*
Clonidine
Antihypertensive
Centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist reduces symptoms due to autonomic hyperactivity
Adjuvant analgesic
Opioid withdrawal reactions
Clopidogrel
Antiplatelet agent
Inhibits ADP induced platlet aggregation by irreversibly binding to the P2Y12 platelet receptor
Calcium gluconate
Antihypocalcemia Agent
Codeine phosphate
Opioid receptor agonist
Weak Analgesic
Inhibits release of substance P from dorsal horn neurons and inhibit afferent transmission at supraspinal levels
Colchicine
Anti-Gout
Inhibits neutrophil migration, decreases release of glycoprotein, and blocks release of chemotactic factors, resulting in a decrease of urate deposits and inflammation
Cyclopentolate
Muscarinic receptor antagonist
Parasympatholytic
Competitively block action of ACh at muscarinic receptors
Mydriatic, cycloplegic
Dexamethasone
Glucocorticoid (long acting)
Gen. metabolic effects, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant actions and negative feedback effects on the HPA axis
Diazepam
Benzodiazepine (long-acting)
Facilitate GABA binding to receptors and enhance chloride channel opening leading to more neuronal inhibition
Anxiolytic, definitive-hypnotic, muscle relaxant, antiepileptic
Diclofenac
NSAID
Acetic acid
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
Analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory
Dicloxacillin
Antibiotic (narrow-spectrum)
Beta-lactam Penicillin
Gram+
Active against beta-lactamase-producing organisms which would otherwise be resistant to most penicillins
Digoxin
Antiarrhythmic
Cardiac glycoside
Inhibits active transport of Na and K and decreases conduction through the AV node to free calcium ions causing a decrease heart rate and rhythm disturbances and increase contractile force
Dihydroergotamine
Ergot alkaloid
Partial agonist and antagonist actions on a-adrenoceptors, 5-HT,serotonin receptors
Migraines
Diphenoxylate/Atropine
Narcotic (combination drug)
treat acute diarrhea
Td
Diphtheria & tetanus Vaccine
Td is a two-in-one vaccine protects people against tetanus and diphtheria
Dobutamine
Adrenergic Drug
Catecholamine
Direct acting adrenoceptor agonist
Sympathomimetic
Docusate/Senna
Laxative (combination)
Docusate is a fecal softening agent permitting water and fatty substances to penetrate and become well mixed with fecal material
Senna is a stimulant laxative promoting accumulation of water and increasing peristalsis by irritating internal mucosa
Dopamine
Adrenergic Drug
Synthetic Catecholamine
Direct acting adrenoceptor agonist
Sympathomimetic
Doxycycline
Antibiotic (broad-spectrum)
Tetracycline
Bacteriostatic for gram- and gram+
Inhibit protein synthesis by reversibly blocking 30S subunit of the ribosome and preventing access of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex
Droperidol
Butyrophenon derivative
Used as an adjunct anesthesia and short-term management of disturbed behavior and severe anxiety as an antipsychotic
Enoxaparin
Anticoagulant
LMWH
Inactivates factor Xa for a medium inhibition of platelet function
Ephedrine (Sulfate)
Adrenergic Drug
Racemic drug
Mixed-acting adrenoceptor agonist
Sympathomimetic
Acts indirectly by stimulating release of noradrenalin as well as acting directly
Erythromycin
Antibiotic
Macrolide class Bacteriostatic, inhibit bacterial RNA dependent protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunit People with allergy to penicillins
Esomeprazole
PPI
Acts by inhibiting the functioning of this transporter, the drug prevents formation of gastric acid
Fentanyl
Opioid receptor agonist
Highly potent Analgesic
Inhibits release of substance P from dorsal horn neurons and inhibit afferent transmission at supraspinal levels
Flecainide Acetate
Antiarrhythmic (Ic)
Regulates the flow of Na in the heart, causing prolongation of the cardiac action potential
Flucloxacillin
Antibiotic (narrow-spectrum)
Beta-lactam penicillin
Gram+
Unlike other penicillins has activity against beta-lactamase-producing organisms
Flumazenil
GABA receptor antagonist
Anxiogenic
Decreases binding of GABA so chloride channels remain closed
Fluorescein
Opthalmic preparation
Non-toxic, Orange red, water-soluble die that fluoresces and colors the tear film creating a stain for diagnostics
Framycetin
Antibiotic
Aminoglycoside
Poor systemic absorption, used in topical preparations
Frusemide (furosemide)
Loop diuretic
Rapid intense diuresis, inhibit KCC co-transporter preventing reabsorption of Na and Cl from Lumen into epithelial cells
Gentamycin
Antibiotic
Aminoglycoside
Gram-
ototoxic and nephrotoxic
Glucagon
Anti-hypoglycemic
Hormone that acts primarily by stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and by inhibition of glycogen synthesis
Glyceryl Trinitrate
Direct acting vasodilator
Organic nitrate
Dilation of veins and arteries resulting in a decrease of the amount of blood return to the heart reducing end-diastolic volume and myocardial oxygen demand
Haloperidol
Butyrophenon derivative
Selective CNS effects
Competitively blocks D2 receptors in mesolimbic system and causes increased turnover of brain dopamine to produce antipsychotic effect
Heparin sodium
Anticoagulant
Regular heparin
Inactivates factor Xa and IIa (thrombin) for a high inhibition of platelet
Hydralazine
Vasodilator (miscellaneous)
Direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle particularly the arterials, with little effect on veins, leading to reduction in peripheral resistance
Increases renal bloodflow, providing advantage to patients with renal failure
Hydrocortisone
Glucocorticoid (short acting)
Gen. metabolic effects, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant actions and negative feedback effects on the HPA axis
Hyoscine
Muscarinic receptor antagonist
Similar to atropine but due to greater permeation of blood brain barrier it has marked effects of depression on the CNS including drowsiness, euphoria, memory loss, relaxation and sleep
Does not increase blood pressure or respiration
Ibuprofen
NSAID
Propionic acid
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
Analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory
Indomethacin
NSAID
Acetic acid
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
Analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory
Insulin
Anti hyperglycaemic
Hormone
Facilitates removal of glucose from the blood into muscle and fat cells and promotes storage of nutrients
Ipratropium
Anti-muscarinic
Atropinic
Produce bronchodilation by blocking vagal tone and parasympathetic reflexes mediating bronchoconstriction
Isoprenaline
Adrenergic Drug
Synthetic Catecholamine
Non-selective B-adrenoceptor agonist
Sympathomimetic
Isosorbide Mononitrate
Direct acting vasodilator
Organic nitrate
Dilation of veins and arteries resulting in a decrease of the amount of blood return to the heart reducing end-diastolic volume and myocardial oxygen demand
Ketamine
Non-barbituate analgesic/anaesthetic
Disassociative that causes analgesia and amnesia without loss of respiratory function or reflexes, produces cataleptic state
Ketorolac
NSAID
Acetic acid
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
Analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory
Lactulose
Osmotic laxative glycerol
Exerts an osmotic effect to increase the volume of fluid in the lumen which accelerates the transfer of gut contents and leads to increased defecation
Lignocaine
Local anesthetic
Intermediate duration
Reversibly prevent generation and conduction of impulses in excitable membranes and decrease sensitivity of pain
Magnesium sulfate
Anti epileptic
Depressant affect on CNS
Reduces striated muscle contractions
Toxaemia of pregnancy
Metaraminol
Adrenergic Drug
Indirect acting adrenoceptor agonist
Vasopressor
Indirect effects caused by release of NA and direct action on B and a1 adrenoceptors
Methylprednisolone
Glucocorticoid (intermediate acting)
Gen. metabolic effects, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant actions and negative feedback effects on the HPA axis
Metroclopramide
Dopamine antagonist
Antinauseant/Antiemetic
Centrally blocks D2 receptors in the CTZ while peripherally accelerating gastric emptying, reduces reflux from the duodenum and stomach into esophagus and enhances motility of the upper GIT
Metoprolol
Cardio selective beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist (beta blocker)
Competitively block B1 site located on smooth cardiac muscle to decrease: ~heart rate
~conduction velocity
~myocardial contractility
~cardiac output
Metronidazole
Antibiotic (miscellaneous)
Reduces intracellularly to a short acting cytotoxic agents that interacts with DNA inhibiting bacterial synthesis and causes cell death
Selectively toxic to many anaerobic bacteria and Protozoa
Midazolam
General anesthetic
Benzodiazepine
Sedative – anti-anxiety agent
Adjunct to IV anesthesia
Morphine sulfate
Opioid receptor agonist
Gold standard analgesic
Inhibits release of substance P from dorsal horn neurons and inhibit afferent transmission at supraspinal levels
Naloxone
Opioid receptor antagonist
Competitively displace opioid analgesics, reversing their effects
Neostigmine
Anticholinesterase agent
Medium acting
Reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, forms carbamylated enzyme complex at active site
Reversal of NMJ blockade
Noradrenaline
Adrenergic Drug
Catecholamine
Direct acting adrenoceptor agonist
Sympathomimetic
Ondansetron
5-HT3 receptor antagonist
Antinauseant/antiemetic
Blocks 5HT3 receptors in brainstem and GIT preventing vomiting in response to admin of antineoplastic agents
Oxazepam
Benzodiazepine (short-acting)
Facilitate GABA binding to receptors and enhance chloride channel opening leading to more neuronal inhibition
Anxiolytic, definitive-hypnotic, muscle relaxant, antiepileptic
Oxycodone
Opioid receptor agonist
Bioavailability variable Analgesic
Inhibits release of substance P from dorsal horn neurons and inhibit afferent transmission at supraspinal levels
Oxytocin
Labor inducent
Acts directly on myometrium, having a stronger effect on the fundus than on the cervix
Pethidine
Opioid receptor agonist
Labor Analgesic
Inhibits release of substance P from dorsal horn neurons and inhibit afferent transmission at supraspinal levels
Phenobarbitone sodium
Barbiturate
Antiepileptic
Nonselective depression of CNS by facilitation of Cl entry into the cells at GABA receptors causing enhancement of inhibitory systems that use GABA as a neurotransmitter
Phenytoin sodium
Hydantion drug
Antiepileptic
Blocks voltage-dependent Na channels, decreasing propagation of seizures
Phosphate
Mineral
Used to treat hypophosphatemic rickets and tumor associated osteomalacia
Phytomenadione (Vit K)
Anticoagulant antagonist
Anti-hypoprothrombinemia
Anti-hemorrhagic
Essential to the hepatic synthesis of clotting factors
Prednisolone
Glucocorticoid (long acting)
Gen. metabolic effects, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant actions and negative feedback effects on the HPA axis
Prilocaine
Local anesthetic
Intermediate duration
Reversibly prevent generation and conduction of impulses in excitable membranes and decrease sensitivity of pain
Probenecid
Antihyperuricemic
Anti-Gout
Lower serum concentration of uric acid by competitively inhibiting the reabsorption of uric acid at the proximal renal tubule, increasing urinary excretion of uric acid
Procaine penicillin
Antibiotic
Narrow spectrum penicillin
Prochlorperazine
Dopamine antagonist
Antiemetic/Antinauseant
Phenothiazine derivative
Act mainly as D2 receptor antagonists but also have antihistamine and anti-muscarinic properties
Promethazine
H1 receptor antagonist
antihistamine
Anti-emetic/antinauseant
Propofol
Non-barbiturate anesthetic
Short acting hypnotic
CNS depression probably mediated through GABA receptors
Ranitidine
H2 receptor antagonist
Antihistamine
Competitively blocks histamine from stimulating H2 receptors thus reducing gastric acid secretion (~70%)
Roxithromycin
Antibiotic
Macrolide
Bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor
Inhibit bacterial RNA-dependent protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits
Bacteriostatic
Salbutamol
Short acting Beta2 agonist
Bronchodilator (reliever)
Activate B2 Adrenoceptors in bronchial smooth muscle which increases formation of cAMP, lowers concentration of intracellular Ca and strongly relaxes
Sodium valproate
Anti-epileptic
Mechanism not fully established
Sotalol
Antiarrhythmic (class III)
B Adrenoceptor antagonist also blocks K channels, prolonging action potential duration and increasing effective refectory period In A and V tissue and at AV node.
Sumatriptan
5-HT agonist
Migraine treatment
Selectively constricts cranial vessels by agonist actions at 5-HT receptors
Suxamethonium
Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent
Nicotinic agonist
Binding results and persistent stimulation and maintains depot or a state of motor and plate
Lots of electrical excitability
Temazepam
Benzodiazepine
Sedative
Tenecteplase
Thrombolytic
Convert plasminogen and blood to Plasmin (A fibrinolytic enzyme)
Thiopentone sodium
General anesthetic
Ultra short acting barbiturate
CNS depressant that produces hypnosis and anaesthesia without analgesia
Tramadol
Opioid receptor agonist
Opioid for-SSRI Analgesic
Non-chemically related u-opioid receptor agonist also inhibit reuptake of NA and 5-HT
Trimethoprim
Antibiotic (miscellaneous)
Short acting cytotoxic agent that interacts with DNA, inhibiting bacterial synthesis and causing cell death
Seductively toxic to many anaerobic bacteria and protozoa
Tropicamide
Mydriatic
Anticholinergic
Vecuronium Bromide
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent
This rapid blockade characterized by motor weakness and paralysis
Verapamil
Ca Channel blocker
Direct acting vasodilator
Reduce AV conduction and block SA node causing decreased heart rate and contractility
Warfarin
Vitamin K antagonist
Anticoagulant
Interferes with hepatic synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors through innovation of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1
