Common Terminologies Flashcards
Large Ruminants
feeding at pleasure, unlimited or liberal
Ad libitum
Scientific name of a Cattle
(A Humpless Cattle)
Bos taurus
Originated from Aurochs and The Celtic Shorthorns
What are ruminant animals?
Any Member of the Artiodactyla
An example of a Ruminant animal
Sheep, Cattle, Goat, Buffalo, Camel, Giraffe, and Deer
their from the subspecies “Ruminantia”
Define the characteristics of a Ruminant Animal
- Even toed and hoofed
- Cud-chewing mammals
- 4 chambered stomachs
Name the 4 chambered stomach of the Ruminant Animal
- Rumen
- Reticulum
- Omasum
- Abomasum
Other term of Rumen
(The 1st stomach of a Ruminant)
“room-in-it”
What are the functions of Rumen?
- Acts as a storage or holdin vat for feed
- Has rumen microbes capable of digesting or fermenting feeds
- Converts large amount of Roughages into amino acids
What is the structure and also, what are the functions of the ‘Reticulum’?
(The 2nd Stomach)
- It is a Honey comb like structure
- Where the cud is further grinded and formed into balls, and it will travel back into mouth to be chewed again
- Collects smaller digesta particles and move them into the omasum
- A compartment where liquid goes
Functions of the Omasum
(The 3rd Stomach)
- Grinds and squeezes
- plays a role in the absorption of water, electrolytes, volatile fatty acids, and minerals.
- Removes some liquid
Which of the 4 chambered stomach is the ‘true stomach’?
ABOMASUM
(The 4th and true stomach)
Main function of the Abomasum
- Secretes digestive enzymes to initiate the digestion of proteins
these secretions helps prepare proteins for absorption in the intestines
Which enzyme breaks down proteins?
(from the abomasum)
a.) Pepsin
b.) Pancreatic Lipase
Which enzyme breaks down fats?
(from the abomasum)
a.) Pepsin
b.) Pancreatic lipase
Where does the Abomasum recieves the digestive enzymes?
The Pancreas
What is backgrounding?
Growing and feeding of calves from weaning until they are ready to enter the feedlot
It is a cattle that has a Hump
Bos indicus
Humped cattle or Brahman cattle
Bos indicus cattle (Zebus)
The origin land of Bos indicus cattle
South Asia
(Specifically in India or Pakistan)
Phenotype of Bos indicus cattle
- Looser skin or Large dewlap
- Large hump over shoulder and neck
- Large droopy ears
- Lighter coat
- Have horns that usually curve up and back
Some bloodline of this breed have naturally polled horns
Advantages and Disadvantages of owning a Bos indicus cattle
Advantages
* well adapted to hot and tropical climates
* have the ability to tolerate heat/humidity
* more resistance to parasites
* have the ability to thrive despite lower quality feeds
* higher dressing percentage
Disadvantages
* slower maturing
* lower milk yeilds
* have a perception of lower marbling and tenderness
* lower reproductive rate
These are according to recent studies about Brahman cattle
Advantages and Disadvantages of owning a Bos taurus cattle
Advantages
* well adapted to cooler climates
* specialize breeds such as Dairy cattles have much greater milk volumes
* faster weight gain to target finish size
* specialized breeds have higher meat quality grades
Disadvantages
* less tolerance for hot conditions
* less effective thermoregulation
* not as resilient in consuming poor forage
these findings are according to recent studies about Bos taurus cattles
Why there are programs in crossbreeding between Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattles?
In general, Bos indicus genetics confer tropical adaptation, disease resistance, and longevity. Whereas Bos taurus imparts greater productivity. As such, crossbred cattle with both Bos indicus and Bos taurus traits often balance the production and adaptive fitness.
What do you call an adult male cattle?
Bull
Facts: For a male carabao, it is called a ‘Carabull’
What do you call an adult female cattle?
Cow
Facts: For a female carabao, it’s called a ‘Caracow’
What do you call a young cattle of either sex?
Calf
Facts: ‘Caracalf’ is the term for any young carabao of either sex
What is the gestation period of a Cow?
279 to 287 for some breeds, but what is the most common duration?
9 months / 283 days
For Caracows, it could take 310-315 days on average
Estrous cycle of a Cow
3 weeks / 21 days
Same goes with Caracows
Heifer
Facts: Caraheifer is the term for a ready-to-breed female carabao
What do you call a castrated young/juvenile bull?
Steer
Facts: Carasteer is also applied if it is a castrated young male carabao
The parturition of a Cow is called…
Calving
Same as Carabaos
High energy, high protein concentration feed for dairy calf
Cow starter
The meat of a cattle and carabao are called…
Beef and Carabeef
The meat of a carabao above 2 years of age
Body of a dead or slaughtered animal is called…
Carcass
The throwing of animal for proper training
Cast down
Surgical operation during which the primary male sex organs are removed is called…
Castration
What is colustrum?
The milk produced in the first few days after parturition
Gains or feeds that are low in crude fiber but having high digestable nutrient content
Concentrate
Examples of concentrates are: Cottonseed cake, Barley, and Maize
What is the other term for Pregnancy?
Conception
What is copulation?
The mating between male and female animals
Mating crossbred females to a sire belonging to one of the parent breeds of the female.
Crisscrossing
Other term for Crisscrossing
Backcrossing
Dam mating of different breeds is called…
Crossbreeding
The process of eliminating the unproductive animals from the herd
Culling
Steers of dairy breed grown and finished the same as beef steers. It is also includes all cows, heifers, culls, calves, and incluing veal calves
Dairy beef
Hanging fold of skin under the neck of animals especially some breeds of cattle and goats.
Dewlap
A term for an easily managed or handled animal
Docile
What is a Dry cow?
Non-lactating cow
It’s a stage of their lactation cycle where milk production ceases
To adapt the behavior of an animal to fit the needs of people
Domesticate
Animal used for pulling loads or for work
Draft animal
The time during which the female will accept the male for copulation
Estrus
or Estrous
Other term for Estrus
“in heat”
Carabao/Buffalo or Cattle for fattening at least 2 to 3 years old
Feeder
Weaned calf which is under one year of age and is sold to be fed for more growth
Feeder calf
It is the increasing amount of feed fed to an animal for a short period of time usually just prior to breeding
Flushing
What is Gestation?
The time during which the animal is pregnant
The mating of purebred sires to grade females
Grading up
A group of animals in a farm is called…
Herd
What is Inbreeding?
Mating of closely related animals
what would be the outcome if animals do start inbreeding?
- poorer reproductive efficiency
- higher mortality rates
- lower growth rates
- higher frequency of heredity abnormalities
- homozygosity (which can increase the chances of offspring being affected by recessive traits)
A form of inbreeding in which the animals being mated are more distantly related than in close-breeding and their ancestors can be traced back to one common ancestor.
Line breeding
Mating of animals from 2 different lines in the same breed
What is the purpose of Pastuerized milk?
Milk is heated at 63’C for 30 mins to destroy any harmful organism, while causing minimal changes in the composition, flavor and nutritive value
The mating of animals of different families within the same breed
Outcrossing
Land with herbage or forage crops for grazing animals
It’s where farm animals graze on grasses
Pasture
Record of the ancestors of an animal
Pedigree
What is* Phenotype*
?
Physical appearance of an animal
Feed allowed for a given animal for a day or 24 hoursn whether it is fed at one time or in proportions at different times.
Ration
Rectal palpatation is…
A method for pregnancy diagnosis
Feed containing more than 18% crude fiber when dry
Roughage
In ruminants, the process of chewing cuds is called…
Rumination
Forage which has been placed in silos to preserve it and make it palatable
Silage
Undesirable characteristic of some carabaos/cattles of not manifesting heat openly
Silent Heat
Fresh forage cut to feed animals tethered or kept in sheds
Soilage
The process of separating the calf from the dam
Wean
Why must a calf needs to start eating grasses in it early age?
- to develop their papillae
- improve rumen fermentation
- muscular development of the rumen as well as microbial growth necessary to develop rumen function.
What would happen if you feed your cattles with only high protein concentrates but not roughages or not letting them go outside to graze on grasses?
It can cause digestive issues such as acidosis and bloating
What are the advantages and disadvantages of natural breeding?
Advantages
- It requires minimal effort from breeders, since they can rely of the performance from a Bull
- It does not involve the use of scientific techniques to mate the animals.
- Heavy expenditure on laboratories, equipments or expert personell for carrying out the mating process is not involved.
- Pior collection of semen is not involve
Disadvantages
- may result inbreeding
- possibility of spreading venereal disease through sexual contact
- both male and female might get hurt during copulation
- needs a quiet space in order for the copulation to proceed smoothly
How many Cattle breed there are?
There are as many** 195 breeds **and types in the world, but some may not qualify as a distinct breed if the biological definition of a breed is considered.
What is the Ratio for a Bull to breed throughout the year?
1:25
