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common respiratory conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

name the 2 categories of respiratory conditions

A

restrictive and obstructive

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2
Q

define restrictive disease

A

restriction of airflow meaning a small amount flows in and total lung capacity is low meaning decreased lung compliance

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3
Q

define obstructive disease

A

obstruction to airflow meaning small amount of air flowing in with a low vital capacity meaning increased lung compliance

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4
Q

which disease can be classified as both obstructive and restrictive

A

cystic fibrosis

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5
Q

what genetic default is the most common cause of cf

A

amino acid deletion

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6
Q

4 main cellular defects caused by cf

A

defects in protein production
defects in function of pump
defects in regulation of pump
defects in protein processing

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7
Q

name 3 other conditions caused by cf throughout whole body

A

chronic bronchitis, chronic pancreatitis, honeycomb lung

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8
Q

pathological features of lungs with cf

A
  1. reduced chloride secretion
    2.increased sodium reabsorption in epithelial
  2. water reabsorbed into epithelial
  3. thickens mucus
    5.mucus becomes adherent
    6.pH in epithelial lowered
    7.pH change causes defects in antimicrobial defences.
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9
Q

name 3 conditions further caused by cf in lungs

A

atelectasis(collapsed alveoli)
lung abscess(tissue damage+infection)
bronchiectasis( airway widening)

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10
Q

what is Bronchiectasis

A

widening of the airway

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11
Q

what are the 4 steps in occurrence of bronchiectasis

A

1.production of elastase (break down of elastic tissue)
2.production of ROS(reactive oxygen species)
3.loss of elasticity I. airways
4. loss of smoothening and wider airways

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12
Q

4 complications of cf

A

chronic airway infection (blocking areas of lung)
pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
fragile, distended blood vessels (bursting)
widespread tissue destruction

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13
Q

name 3 childhood factors that can cause COPD

A

childhood asthma
maternal smoking
maternal/paternal asthma

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14
Q

what does COPD stand for

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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15
Q

describe the 3 causes of obstruction

A
  1. overproduction of mucus/pus inside lumen
  2. inside wall of airway increase leakiness of blood vessels, inflammation and oedema
  3. outside airway loss of parenchyma and elastic fibres causing lung collapse
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16
Q

4 COPD risk factors

A

tobacco smoking
indoor air pollution ( biofuels in cooking/heating)
outdoor air pollution
industrial dust and fumes

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17
Q

describe 4 stages of emphysema

A
  1. smoke particles/chemicals inhaled
    2.macrophages/neutrophiles phagocytise particles
    3.serine elastase released
    4.elastin in elastic tissue destroyed
18
Q

what does smoke and ROS inactive

A

alpha1-antitrypsin

19
Q

how does inactivation of alpha1-antitrypsin affect emphysema risk

A

alpha1-antitrypsin is and elastase inhibitor and therefore when inactive there is an uncontrolled loss of elastic tissue, causing development of emphysema

20
Q

in 3 sentences describe stages chronic bronchitis

A

hyper trophy of mucus glands
more mucus secreted
chronic inflammation in smaller bronchi

21
Q

FEV1 meaning

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

22
Q

FVC

A

forced vital capacity

23
Q

is asthma obstructive or restrictive

A

obstructive lung condition

24
Q

give 3 causes for asthma

A

post nasal drip- drip of mucus from naval cavity to trachea
character of air- pollution, smoking, cold air
acid reflux- overproduction of acid into oesophagus

25
Q

name the 4 pathophysiological stages of asthma

A

stimulus ( allergen, drip etc)
mast cells activated (t-helper)
inflammatory mediators
bronchoconstriction/mucus production

26
Q

name the 2 responses to an asthma attack

A

immediate and delayed

27
Q

describe the 4 stages of immediate asthma response

A

allergen enters system
bind to mast + t-helper cells
relate histamines and chemotactic signals
effect capillaries, mucus glands snd smooth muscle

28
Q

describe 4 stages of delayed asthma response

A

transmitter released ( initiate epithelial damage)
damage then causes stimulation of free nerve endings
autonomic discharge initiated
mucus excreted and smooth muscle constricts

29
Q

give 3 long term effects of asthma on small diameter airway

A

muscle gland hypertrophy
sub epithelial fibrosis
smooth muscle hypertrophy

30
Q

3 short term affects of asthma on small diameter airway

A

narrowed/irregular lumen
sticky mucus
epithelial damage

31
Q

name a restrictive respiratory disease

A

diffuse pulmonary fibrosis

32
Q

describe shops fibrosis can affect breathing

A

interstitial tissue becomes tough restricting parenchyma and the radial traction ( forced pulling airway outwards) can become so strong it pulls airway open

33
Q

give 3 risk factors of fibrosis

A

genetic
immunological - reumatoid arthritis
viral - repeated viral infection

34
Q

give 5 features of fibrosis

A

rapid shallow breathing
dyspnea
dry unproductive cough
clubbing of fingers ( comprised levels of o2 in blood)
reduced chest movement

35
Q

give the 3 pathology phase of fibrosis

A

1.reactive interstitial inflammation in parenchyma of lungs
2. fibroblasts recruited laying down collagen fibres and incidentally restricting areas of alveoli unintentionally
3. amputated alveoli and collapsed distal airways with no ventilation and dense fibrosis

36
Q

what is honeycomb lung

A

related to ares of alveoli that have been amputated and not receiving ventilation

37
Q

give 3 extrinsic restrictive disorders

A

pneumothorax- collapsed lung
ankylosing spondylitis- autoimmune diease ( fusing of the skeleton)
scoliosis- spinal curvatures

38
Q

how may acidosis occur

A

poor ventilation may mean higher presence of damaging gases in blood and therefore can alter pH and cause acidosis

39
Q

what is the pH range of acidosis and what are 2 causes

A

acidosis is any pH<7.35 and causes are hypoventilation and lung disease

40
Q

what is pH range of alkalosis and 2 causes

A

alkalosis is any pH > 7.45 and causes are hyperventilation and high altitude

41
Q

give 5 factors age can have on respiratory system

A
  1. respiratory surface area decreases
    2.alveoli size increase
    3.bronchiole diameter increase
    4.decrease in elasticity
    5.decrease in thoracic compliance

applied health science (6 decks)

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