common respiratory conditions Flashcards
name the 2 categories of respiratory conditions
restrictive and obstructive
define restrictive disease
restriction of airflow meaning a small amount flows in and total lung capacity is low meaning decreased lung compliance
define obstructive disease
obstruction to airflow meaning small amount of air flowing in with a low vital capacity meaning increased lung compliance
which disease can be classified as both obstructive and restrictive
cystic fibrosis
what genetic default is the most common cause of cf
amino acid deletion
4 main cellular defects caused by cf
defects in protein production
defects in function of pump
defects in regulation of pump
defects in protein processing
name 3 other conditions caused by cf throughout whole body
chronic bronchitis, chronic pancreatitis, honeycomb lung
pathological features of lungs with cf
- reduced chloride secretion
2.increased sodium reabsorption in epithelial - water reabsorbed into epithelial
- thickens mucus
5.mucus becomes adherent
6.pH in epithelial lowered
7.pH change causes defects in antimicrobial defences.
name 3 conditions further caused by cf in lungs
atelectasis(collapsed alveoli)
lung abscess(tissue damage+infection)
bronchiectasis( airway widening)
what is Bronchiectasis
widening of the airway
what are the 4 steps in occurrence of bronchiectasis
1.production of elastase (break down of elastic tissue)
2.production of ROS(reactive oxygen species)
3.loss of elasticity I. airways
4. loss of smoothening and wider airways
4 complications of cf
chronic airway infection (blocking areas of lung)
pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
fragile, distended blood vessels (bursting)
widespread tissue destruction
name 3 childhood factors that can cause COPD
childhood asthma
maternal smoking
maternal/paternal asthma
what does COPD stand for
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
describe the 3 causes of obstruction
- overproduction of mucus/pus inside lumen
- inside wall of airway increase leakiness of blood vessels, inflammation and oedema
- outside airway loss of parenchyma and elastic fibres causing lung collapse
4 COPD risk factors
tobacco smoking
indoor air pollution ( biofuels in cooking/heating)
outdoor air pollution
industrial dust and fumes
describe 4 stages of emphysema
- smoke particles/chemicals inhaled
2.macrophages/neutrophiles phagocytise particles
3.serine elastase released
4.elastin in elastic tissue destroyed
what does smoke and ROS inactive
alpha1-antitrypsin
how does inactivation of alpha1-antitrypsin affect emphysema risk
alpha1-antitrypsin is and elastase inhibitor and therefore when inactive there is an uncontrolled loss of elastic tissue, causing development of emphysema
in 3 sentences describe stages chronic bronchitis
hyper trophy of mucus glands
more mucus secreted
chronic inflammation in smaller bronchi
FEV1 meaning
forced expiratory volume in 1 second
FVC
forced vital capacity
is asthma obstructive or restrictive
obstructive lung condition
give 3 causes for asthma
post nasal drip- drip of mucus from naval cavity to trachea
character of air- pollution, smoking, cold air
acid reflux- overproduction of acid into oesophagus
name the 4 pathophysiological stages of asthma
stimulus ( allergen, drip etc)
mast cells activated (t-helper)
inflammatory mediators
bronchoconstriction/mucus production
name the 2 responses to an asthma attack
immediate and delayed
describe the 4 stages of immediate asthma response
allergen enters system
bind to mast + t-helper cells
relate histamines and chemotactic signals
effect capillaries, mucus glands snd smooth muscle
describe 4 stages of delayed asthma response
transmitter released ( initiate epithelial damage)
damage then causes stimulation of free nerve endings
autonomic discharge initiated
mucus excreted and smooth muscle constricts
give 3 long term effects of asthma on small diameter airway
muscle gland hypertrophy
sub epithelial fibrosis
smooth muscle hypertrophy
3 short term affects of asthma on small diameter airway
narrowed/irregular lumen
sticky mucus
epithelial damage
name a restrictive respiratory disease
diffuse pulmonary fibrosis
describe shops fibrosis can affect breathing
interstitial tissue becomes tough restricting parenchyma and the radial traction ( forced pulling airway outwards) can become so strong it pulls airway open
give 3 risk factors of fibrosis
genetic
immunological - reumatoid arthritis
viral - repeated viral infection
give 5 features of fibrosis
rapid shallow breathing
dyspnea
dry unproductive cough
clubbing of fingers ( comprised levels of o2 in blood)
reduced chest movement
give the 3 pathology phase of fibrosis
1.reactive interstitial inflammation in parenchyma of lungs
2. fibroblasts recruited laying down collagen fibres and incidentally restricting areas of alveoli unintentionally
3. amputated alveoli and collapsed distal airways with no ventilation and dense fibrosis
what is honeycomb lung
related to ares of alveoli that have been amputated and not receiving ventilation
give 3 extrinsic restrictive disorders
pneumothorax- collapsed lung
ankylosing spondylitis- autoimmune diease ( fusing of the skeleton)
scoliosis- spinal curvatures
how may acidosis occur
poor ventilation may mean higher presence of damaging gases in blood and therefore can alter pH and cause acidosis
what is the pH range of acidosis and what are 2 causes
acidosis is any pH<7.35 and causes are hypoventilation and lung disease
what is pH range of alkalosis and 2 causes
alkalosis is any pH > 7.45 and causes are hyperventilation and high altitude
give 5 factors age can have on respiratory system
- respiratory surface area decreases
2.alveoli size increase
3.bronchiole diameter increase
4.decrease in elasticity
5.decrease in thoracic compliance
