Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pediatrics Y1S1 > Common pediatric infections and re-immunization schedule > Flashcards

Common pediatric infections and re-immunization schedule Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infection?

A

The invasion and growth of germs in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the phases of infection?

A

1) Incubation (no symptoms)
2) Prodromal (non-specific symptoms “fever, runny nose, etc”)
3) illness (specific signs and symptoms)
4) Decline (symptoms start to subside)
5) Recovery (tissue healing begins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe measles infection

A
  • Paramyxovirus group (Rubeola virus)

The incubation period is typically 10-14 days

  • Prodromal (fever, malaise, dry cough, conjunctivitis)
  • Illness (Kopliks spots on buccal mucosa & maculopapular rash on the 3-4 days of illness starts from face to down)
  • It is contagious 4 days before the rash and 4 after it
  • We have vaccines (MMR)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the common complications of measles?

A

Common:

1) Pneumonia
2) Diarrhea
3) Croup (inflammation of larynx/trachea)
4) Otitis media
5) Stomatitis (inflammation of oral mucosa)

Uncommon:

1) Encephalitis
2) Myocarditis
3) Nephritis

  • In severe cases, it can lead to death, especially in peeds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the general description of mumps?

A
  • It is an acute infection, characterized by painful swelling of the parotid and other salivary glands
  • Caused by mumps virus
  • Transmitted by Airborne droplet, direct contact with the saliva

Prodrome: Fever, malaise, anorexia, & headache

  • Swelling of parotid glands , Glands very tender to the touch, Submaxillary and sublingual glands may also be affected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the specific symptom of Mumps?

A

Myalgia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the complications of Mumps?

A

1) Orchitis (inflammation of testes)
2) Pancreatitis
3) Meningoencephalitis (altered level of consciousness, seizures, fever, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe an infection with rubella (German measles)

A
  • Rubella virus is the cause
  • Highly contagious
  • Spreads by respiratory droplets, through the placenta causing congenital rubella (CRS) & direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions
  • Low-grade fever, sore throat, maculopapular rash on the neck and upper trunk which spreads rapidly
  • Rash is gone by the third day
    The incubation period is about 14-21 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the unique sign of rubella?

A

Lymphadenopathy is mainly prominent, posterior cervical, and/or postauricular, occipital & forchheimer’s sign-Petechiae on the hard palate (white dots on the palate)

  • Patient says (I can feel the back of my ear)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the manifestations of CRS (SONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME)?

A
  • Transfers through the placenta (especially during the first trimester) causing:

1) Deafness
2) Cataracts
3) Microcephaly
4) Mental retardantion
5) Cardia lesions
6) Hepatosplenomegaly
7) Jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe chicken pox/ varicella zoster.

A
  • Varicella-zoster virus
  • Incubates for 7-21 days
  • Slight fever
  • Mild constitutional symptoms (light malaise, rhinorrhea)
  • Skin lesions, may be extensive progress rapidly (macules, papules, vesicles (raised lesion with fluid after 3-4 days), and pustules may be present concurrently)
  • Patients are likely to develop life-long immunity
  • Treatment is symptomatic and vaccination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chickenpox is specifically associated with (symptom)?

A

vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the complications of varicella?

A

1) Pneumonia
2) Cerebellitis (inflammation of the cerebellum “loss of coordination & balance)
3) Encephalitis
4) Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Herpes zoster?

A

Caused by the reactivation of chicken pox virus after it remained dormant in the nerves for many years, it is common in people with depressed immune systems who are over 50 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe Hepatitis B

A
  • Hepadena virus (DNA virus)
  • Spreads by the sharing of body fluids (blood, sexual fluids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the complications of hepatitis B?

A
  • Most cases are resolved:

1) Chronic hepatitis
2) Liver failure
3) Liver cancer

TREATMENT IS IMMUNIZATION OF 3 DOSES

17
Q

What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in infants and young children?

A

Rotavirus

  • Fever, loose stool, & vomiting

Prevent via Rotarix (2 doses) or Rotateq (3 doses) vaccination

18
Q

What are some examples of common viral infections?

A

1) Measles
2) Mumps (Rubeola)
3) Rubella (German measles)
4) Hepatitis B
5) Rotavirus
6) Chickenpox (varicella)
7) Herpes zoster
8) polio

19
Q

What are the common bacterial infections?

A

1) Meningococcal infection
2) Diphtheria
3) Pertussis (whooping cough)
4) Tetanus
5) Haemophilus Influenza-B

20
Q

Describe the meningococcal infection

A
  • Neisseria Meningitidis bacteria
  • Rash is an early sign (classically non-blanching hemorrhagic rash “if you press on the rash it would not fade away and remains red”)
  • It is important to search the whole body for small petechiae as it is a life-threatening infection, even if the patient survives it might lead to deafness, blindness, and paralysis
21
Q

Describe the infection caused by diphtheria

A
  • Caused by corynebacterium diphtheria
  • The incubation period is 2-10 days
  • Severe throat infection which can obstruct the breathing airway, can cause myocarditis which can be fatal
22
Q

Describe the infection caused by pertussis (whooping cough)

A
  • Caused by Bordetella pertussis
  • Acute bacterial illness of the upper respiratory tract
  • The incubation period is 7-10 days
  • Highly transmissible in the early catarrhal stage before the paroxysmal cough stage followed convalescence stage
  • It is not there after 3 weeks
  • Immunization: Multiple doses as part of Hexavalent, Pentavalent, and tetravalent and later as TDaP or DT [i.e., 4–6 years of age])
    Babies and children younger than 7 years old receive DTaP, while older children and adults receive Tdap.
23
Q

What are the complications that can arise from Bordetella pertussis?

A

1) apnea
2) secondary infections (such as otitis media and pneumonia)
3) physical sequelae of forceful coughing (conjunctival and scleral hemorrhages, petechiae on the upper body, epistaxis (nose bleeds), hemorrhage in the central nervous system and retina, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema, and umbilical and inguinal hernias)
4) Seizures may occur

24
Q

Describe the infection caused by Clostridium tetani.

A
  • Caused by Clostridium tetani
  • occurs in deep wounds
  • Bacteria make a toxin that affects nerves, causing trismus/lockjaw and severe muscle spasms
  • The muscle spasm can cause breathing difficulty
  • Adults should be vaccinated every ten years to maintain immunity (DTaP)
24
Q

Describe the polio infection

A
  • Caused by polio virus
  • Mostly asymptomatic can cause meningitis, gastroenteritis and paralytic polio
  • There are two types of vaccine (oral and inactive virus form)
25
Q

Describe the infection caused by Haemophilus influenza B

A
  • Bacterial infection that can cause ear and sinus infections, skin infection (cellulitis), pneumonia, joint and bone infection, and epiglottitis
26
Q

What is one of the unique symptom of Haemophilus influenza A infection?

A

Epiglottitis

  • A sign of epiglottitis in children with Haemophilus influenza B is that the child sits upright refuses to lie down and is salivating suggests this is not a common sore throat and that the child has epiglottitis., finding it difficult to breathe, swallow food & even their own saliva
27
Q

Describe the infection caused by COVID-19

A
  • SARS-CoV-2 Virus
  • Most people experience mild symptoms which doesn’t require medical attention unless there is an underlying medical condition or it is an elderly
  • symptoms include, fever, cough, shortness of breath, muscle aches, etc
  • Vaccine is available
28
Q

Describe the infection caused by the influenza virus

A
  • Influenza virus
  • Mild to severe symptoms including, fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue that last for about 2-8 days after 1-4 days post-exposure
  • It might progress to pneumonia (can also be due to opportunistic infection), acute respiratory illness, meningitis, encephalitis,
  • Vaccine is available and taken every year
29
Q

What are the vaccines given at birth?

A

1) BCG (ID)
2) Hep B (IM)

30
Q

What are the vaccines given in the second month?

A

1) Hexavalent (IM)
2) PCV (IM)
3) Rota vaccine (rotarix) “oral”

31
Q

What are the vaccines given at 4 months?

A

1) Hexavalent 2 (IM)
2) PCV 13 (IM)
3) Rotavaccine (rotarix) “oral”

32
Q

What are the vaccines given at 6 months?

A

1) DTaP (IM)
2) OPV (oral)
3) PCV 13 (IM)

33
Q

What are the vaccines given at 12 months?

A

1) MMR 1 (nasal)
2) Chicken pox 1 (Nasal)

34
Q

What are the vaccines given at 18 months?

A

1) DTaP + Hib + IPV (Intra muscular)
2) OPV booster (oral)
3) MMR 2 (nasal)

35
Q

What is the vaccine given between 4-6 years?

A

1) DTaP + IPV (IM)
2) OPV booster (oral)
3) Chicken pox 2 (intra nasal)

Pediatrics Y1S1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions