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Physical Health - NP602 > Common Medications In B2 > Flashcards

Common Medications In B2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the drug action of aspirin?

A

A salicylate non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). They reduce prostaglandin production by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase, resulting in analgesic/anti-inflammatory/anti-pyretic effects (reduces fever). Aspirin also reduces platelet aggregation and prevents thrombus formation.

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2
Q

How does aspirin reduce platelet aggregation and prevent thrombus formation?

A

By irreversibly inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase-1 in platelets, preventing their production of thromboxane A2

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3
Q

What are some common indications for Asprin?

A

Cardiovascular disease, STEMI, unstable angina, transient ischamic attack or stroke not associated with atrial fibrillation, and following bypass surgery.

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4
Q

What are the different routes for asprin?

A

Suppository, tablet, injection

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5
Q

What are some common side effects of asprin?

A

Indigestion and nausea

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6
Q

What is Augmentin?

A

An antibiotic used for the short term treatment of infections in different parts of the body caused by bacteria. It is a type of penicillin - penicillin works by interrupting cell wall biosynthesis leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.

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7
Q

What are some common side effects of Augmentin?

A

Teeth staining, stomach upset, and diarrhoea

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8
Q

What are some common indicators for Augmentin?

A

Diabetic foot infection, infected human/animal bite, mild pyelonephritis, severe dental infections, surgical prophylaxis.

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9
Q

Augmentin is administered via what routes?

A

IV, injection, oral

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10
Q

What is citalopram?

A

An SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) which is a class of antidepressant used to treat mainly moderate to severe depression. Citalopram inhibits the re-uptake of serotonin in the pre-synapse increasing the avaliable serotonin in the brain.

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11
Q

What are some important cautions for citalopram?

A

QT prolongation, cardiac disease, diabetes, mania, bleeding disorders, impaired performance, and serotonin syndrome.

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12
Q

What routes is citalopram given in?

A

Tablet form

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13
Q

What are the common side effects of citalopram?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dry mouth, abdominal pain, change of appetite or weight. + Drowsiness, dizzyness, headache, trouble sleeping, weakness, changes in sexual function.

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14
Q

What is clexane?

A

Also called ‘enoxaparin sodium’ its a Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) - which are anticoagulants - that prevent new thrombi or the extension of existing thrombus. Hence these are used for: prophylaxis of deep-vein thrombosis, treatment of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, treatment of unstable angina and non-STEMI, treatment of STEMI, and more.

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15
Q

What system in the body does Clexane act on?

A

The cardiovascular system

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16
Q

What route is clexane given in?

A

Subcutaneous injection.

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17
Q

What are some common side effects of clexane?

A

Pain, and tenderness or redness at the injection site

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18
Q

What system in the body does citalopram act on?

A

The central nervous system (as an SSRI)

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19
Q

What is the sole purpose of the drug Augmentin (one sentence answer)?

A

To treat infections

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20
Q

What systems the body does aspirin on?

A

The cardiovascular system and the central nervous system

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21
Q

What system in the body does diltiazem work on?

A

The cardiovascular system

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22
Q

What is diltiazem?

A

A calcium-channel blocker that interferes with the inward displacement of calcium ions through calcium channels in myocardial cells and cells n the SA and AV nodes. This hence depresses the SA and AV nodal conduction reducing heart rate and contractility.

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23
Q

What are the indicatons for diltiazem?

A

Angina, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation or flutter.

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24
Q

What routes is diltiazem given in?

A

Oral, slow intravenous injection, intravenous infusion, intravenous injection.

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25
Q

What are some common side effects of Diltiazem?

A

Dizziness or fainting and flushing, headache.

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26
Q

What system in the body is enalapril used on?

A

The cardiovascular system

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27
Q

What is enalapril?

A

An ACE inhibitor which inhibits the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 (+the breakdown of bradykinin). Reducing angiotensin 2 induced vasoconstriction decreasing blood pressure and causing renal arteriole dilation - due to the body reducing blood volume in reaction to the lack of angiotensin 2. + the increased levels of bradykinin will further promote vasodilation.

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28
Q

Enalapril is primarily used for what?

A

Lowering blood pressure

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29
Q

What route is enalapril given in?

A

Oral

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30
Q

What are the common side effects of enalapril?

A

Dizziness or fainting (due to low BP), and a cough.

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31
Q

What system in the body does frusemide work on?

A

The cardiovascular system.

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32
Q

What is furosemide?

A

It is a loop diuretic. These diuretics inhibit of reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and other electrolytes in the renal tubules. Promoting the excretion of water, increasing urinary volume.

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33
Q

What are the primary indicators for furosemide?

A

Oedema and resistant hypertension

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34
Q

Furosemide works as as what?

A

Diuretic (makes you pee)

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35
Q

What routes can furosemide be given in?

A

Oral, intravenous injection, intravenous infusion.

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36
Q

What are the common side effects of furosemide?

A

Dizziness or fainting (due to lower BP), and gout attack (painful form of arthritis)

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37
Q

What system in the body does gabapentin work on?

A

The central nervous system

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38
Q

What is gabapentin?

A

An antiepileptic drug that binds to calcium channels decreasing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters associated with neuropathic pain and seizure propagation.

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39
Q

What are the primary indications for the use of gabapentin?

A

Focal seizures and neuropathic pain.

40
Q

What route can gabapentin be given in?

A

Oral

41
Q

What are the common side effects of gabapentin?

A

Stomach upset, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, tiredness/weakness, muscle aches or pains, swollen feet or legs, changes in appetite, weight gain and dry mouth. And impotence.

42
Q

What system in the body does haloperidol work on?

A

The central nervous system.

43
Q

What is haloperidol?

A

An antipsychotic drug (first gen) that is used to primarily treat schizophrenia, psychoses, mania and hypomania. It can also be used to treat agitation and restlessness in the elderly and hyperactivity + self-utilisation in those who are intellectually disabled.

44
Q

What routes can haloperidol be given in?

A

Orall, intramuscular injection, intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection and infusion.

45
Q

What are the common side effects of haloperidol?

A

Extrapyramidal symptoms, cardiovascular effects, and metabolic effects. Such as; drowsiness, dizziness, weight gain, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, trouble peeing, stomach upset, less intrest in sex.

46
Q

What system in the body does sinemet (levodopa + carbidopa) act on?

A

The central nervous system

47
Q

What is sinemet?

A

Also called levodopa + carbidopa. Sinemet is a combination medication that treats the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease by increasing dopamine in the brain.

48
Q

What is the primary indicaton for sinemet?

A

Parkinson’s disease

49
Q

What routes can sinemet be given in?

A

Oral, and maybe gel (enteral administration)

50
Q

What are the common side effects of sinemet?

A

Nausea, vomiting, change in colour of urine, sweat or saliva, dizziness, and drowsiness.

51
Q

What system in the body does madopar work on?

A

The central nervous system

52
Q

What is madopar?

A

Also called levodopa + benserazide. Madopar is a combination drug which increases dopamine in the brain relieving the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

53
Q

What is the primary indicator for madopar?

A

Parkinson’s disease

54
Q

What route can madopar be given in?

A

Oral

55
Q

What are the common side effects of madopar?

A

Nausea, vomiting, change in colour of urine, sweat or saliva, dizziness, and drowsiness.

56
Q

What system in the body does metformin work on?

A

The endocrine system

57
Q

What is metformin?

A

An antidiabetic drug which works by decreasing gluconeogenesis (generation of glucose) and by increasing peripheral utilisation of glucose (uptake of glucose). Hence, lowering the levels of glucose in the body.

58
Q

What are the primary indicators for metformin?

A

Diabetes mellitus, and diabetes in pregnancy

59
Q

What route is metformin given in?

A

Oral

60
Q

What are the common side effects of metformin?

A

Weakness, headache, changes in taste, change of appetite, stomach upset, farting, or indigestion.

61
Q

What system in the body does metoprolol act on?

A

The cardiovascular system

62
Q

What are the primary indications for the use of metoprolol?

A

Hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias

63
Q

What is metoprolol?

A

A beta-blocker which inhibits the effect of catecholamines on beta-receptors in the heart, bronchi, pancreas, brain and liver. Also it is cardio-selective, having a greater affinity of beta-receptors in the heart. It reduces myocardial contractility and cardiac output and reduced the heart rate by slowing conduction through the AV node. Hence reducing blood pressure and oxygen demand of the heart.

64
Q

What route can metoprolol be given?

A

Oral, Intravenous injection,

65
Q

What are the common side effects of metoprolol?

A

Dizziness, tiredness, trouble sleeping, cold hands/feet, stomach upset.

66
Q

What systems in the body does morphine act on?

A

The respiratory system and the central nervous system

67
Q

What is morphine?

A

A full opioid agonist. Opioid agonists bind to opiate receptors in the brain and spinal cord resulting in inhibition of the ascending pain pathways thus altering the perception an response to pain. It also reduces breathlessness and respiratory effort by reducing ventilatory drive in hypoxia and hyper panic states.

68
Q

What routes can morphine be given in?

A

Oral, Subcutaneous injection, Intravenous injection, intramuscular injection,

69
Q

What are the common side effects of morphine?

A

Drowsiness, weakness, headache, trouble sleeping, nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, dry mouth, changes in vision, swollen legs or feet, and sweating.

70
Q

What system in the body does oxycodone act on?

A

The central nervous system

71
Q

What is oxycodone?

A

A full opioid agonist. Opioid agonists bind to opiate receptors in the brain and spinal cord resulting in inhibition of the ascending pain pathways thus altering the perceptions and response to pain.

72
Q

What is the primary indicaton for the use of oxycodone?

A

Moderate to severe pain.

73
Q

What is the primary indicator for the use of morphine?

A

Acute pain, chronic pain, and myocardial infractions

74
Q

What routes can we give oxycodone?

A

Oral, subcutaneous injection and infusion, intravenous injection and infusion.

75
Q

What are the common side effects of oxycodone?

A

Drowsiness, weakness, headache, trouble sleeping, nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, dry mouth, changes in vision, trouble peeing, swollen legs, sweating

76
Q

What system in the body does omeprazole act on?

A

The gastro-intestinal system

77
Q

What are the common side effects of omeprazole?

A

Headache and stomach upset

78
Q

What system does paracetamol (Panadol) act on?

A

The central nervous system

79
Q

What is omeprazole?

A

A proton pump inhibitor that irreversibly blocks the ‘proton pump’ of the gastric parietal cell - reducing basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion raising the gastric PH. Helping to treat conditions related to high stomach acid.

80
Q

What are the primary indications for omeprazole?

A

Gasto-oesophageal reflux disease, gastric ulcers, and other related gastric disorders

81
Q

What routes can omeprazole be given in?

A

Oral, intravenous injection or infusion.

82
Q

How does paracetamol work?

A

Paracetamol works by disrupting messages in different parts of the brain involved in processing pain

83
Q

What routes can paracetamol be given?

A

Oral, Intravenous infusion, and rectal.

84
Q

Why is the primary indication for giving a patient docusate sodium + sennoside B?

A

For constipation

85
Q

What is docusate sodium + sennoside B?

A

A combination drug that is both a stimulant laxative and faecal softener. A stimulant laxative stimulates peristalsis thereby increasing the motility of the large intestine. Together they work to treat constipation.

86
Q

What route is docusate sodium + sennoside B given?

A

Oral

87
Q

What are the side effects of docusate sodium + sennoside B?

A

Stomach cramps and diarrhoea

88
Q

What system does simvastatin work on?

A

The cardiovascular system

89
Q

What is a simvastatin?

A

A statin that works by slowing the production of cholesterol in the body to decrease the amount of cholesterol that may lead to atherosclerosis.

90
Q

What is the primary purpose of a simvastatin?

A

To prevent cardiovascular events in high risk patients

91
Q

What route can simvastatin be given?

A

Oral

92
Q

What are the common side effects of simvastatin?

A

Headache, nausea, stomach pain, constipation, muscle pain/weakness, joint pain.

93
Q

Trimethoprims are used to do what?

A

Treat infections

94
Q

What are the primary indications for trimethoprim?

A

Urinary-tract infections, and prostatitis

95
Q

What is trimethoprim?

A

A folate antagonist that works to prevent a necessary step in bacterial DNA synthesis stopping the growth of bacteria and treating infection.

96
Q

What route do we give trimethoprim?

A

Oral

97
Q

What are the common side effects of trimethoprim?

A

Stomach upset; vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea, loss of appetite

Physical Health - NP602 (3 decks)

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