Common knowledge Flashcards
What is the difference between פה שבעל תורה and שבכתב תורה?
TSBC–>written commandments + history book, groundwork for commentaries and such, given to Moshe @ Sinai, originally had details–>forgotten and reconstituted
TSBP–>orally given to Moshe at Sinai, fills in halachic gaps
Who compiled the משנה ?When? Why?
R Yehuda HaNasi –> 200 CE so he can give it to his students, Rav + Shmuel and pass it on in their two yeshivas in Bavel, etc…
What are the six sections of the משנה ?Please list each one and give a one-line summary of
what it’s about.
זרעים--agriculture מועד--holidays נשים--marriage/divorce (holds Kiddushin) נזיקין--damages/courts קדשים--korbanot/BHMK טהרות--purity and tum'a
Torah legacy
Moshe–>Yehoshua–>Zekainim–>Neviim–>Anshei Knesset HaGedolah–>(unsure from here but) tanaim–>amoraim–>סבוראים–>geonim–>rishonim–>achronim
Moshe + Yehoshua
M appointed Y who had to learn and pass down all Torah while leading.
Zekainim
elders, disciples of M+Y
How did the transition from Neviim–>Anshei Knesset HaGedolah happen?
oral torah wasn’t working, 1st BHMK destroyed, then galut in bavel so they can return to Israel but most remain in Bavel. 2nd BHMK built, no more prophecy. instead led by chachamim –> anshei knesset haGedolah –>
Anshei Knesset HaGedolah composition and legacy
last neviim and first chachamim
additional takanot and gzerot, mitzvot drabanan
over generations gets narrowed down to a few leaders
how was the 2nd bhmk destroyed? what happened to Torah?
Romans attack Jews and destroy 2nd BHMK; center of Torah moves to Yavneh but in 138 they try to overthrow romans–many Jews killed. Torah learning suffers and many return to Bavel. R Yehuda HaNasi reacts w Mishna.
What is a ברייתא?
tanaitic source not included in mishna
ברייתא composition
Midrash Halacha and tosefta
Midrash Halacha + composition
all psukim, halachot and mitzvot from midrash divided into 3 Michilta-->bereshit, shemot Sifra/Torat Kohanim-->Vayikra Sifrei-->Bamidbar + Devarim
Tosefta
collections of Baraitot organized similarly to Mishna
What is a תנא ?What is an אמורא?
תנא–all teachers of Torah until R Yehuda HaNasi, referred to as Rabi (unbroken authority chain)
אמורא–> everyone afterward including Gemara people, referred to as Rav (no semicha in Bavel)
Rav
R Yehuda HaNasi’s student, either last Tana or first Amorah
What is a מימרא?
something an amorah said, turns into a well compiled book and edited for consistency (tanu rabanan and b’chtiv)
Sura and Pumbedita
two main yeshivot
What is the דגמרא סתמא?
dialect of Gemara, makes it flow (=editors put in narrative)
Which אמוראים began the formal process of compiling the גמרא?
R Ashi and Ravina take all traditions and convos from Sura and Pumbedita and compile/begin writing them down
500-700 CE ish
Who are the סבוראים?
editors and opinions that helped after Talmud originally written down
Talmud Yerushalmi
process had already ended in 400 CE in Israel but not nearly as well edited or copied over and not many learn it bc it’s v messy and difficult
Geonim
post סבוראים
700-1040
leaders of Sura (which is still going!)
invent שו׳׳ת and explain according to Gemara
שו׳׳ת
שאלות ותשובות
question and answer style learning dear abby style invented by geonim
Rishonim
after 1040, split btwn Ashkenaz and Sephardim (fun fact: I always wanted to be Sephard bc kitniyot and generally better food)
wrote שו׳׳ת and commentaries on Tanach and Gemara
invented codes
codes
major source in deciding halacha—highly organized bottom line halacha
רי׳׳ף
R Yitzchak Alfasi starts codes 1013–1103
Who is the Rambam include his full name)? When did he live? What major halakhic work did
he write? How many sections does it have?
R Moshe b Maimon
wrote first real code–Mishna Torah, 14 parts
1135-1204
(lol what about Moreh Nevuchim??)
What is the טור ?Who wrote it?
codes only about practical halacha for the time pd organized into 4 parts
R Yaakov b Asher, רא׳׳ש
1269-1343
R Yosef Karo
wrote the code שולחן ערוך and Beit Yosef (a commentary on the Tur)
1488-1575
either last Rishon or first Acharon
Shulchan Aruch/Tur sections and summaries
published year…
אורח חיים––timeline of day/year יורה דעה-- איסור והתר אבן העזר -- marriage and divorce חושן משפט -- court/monetary law published 1563
Who is the רמ׳׳א) include his full name)? What did he write?
R Moshe Isserles wrote a code for Ashkenaz halacha comments differences for Ashkenaz 1520-1572 הגה are the words by which he's always introduced
What is the משנה ברורה ?Who wrote it?
modern day piskei halacha and commentary on Orach Chaim (Shulchan Aruch) by R Yisrael Meir Kagan (aka Chofetz Chaim, name of a different one of his sefarim)
pub. 1904
אחרונים
שו׳׳ת and commentaries on Gemara, analysis of Rishonim (supercommentaries), Torah commentaries