Common IELTS Vocabs,learn meaning Flashcards
to gain a good mark
make a sen with “evolve”
When something evolves, it changes, or develops over time, like your taste in music and clothes, which evolve as you get older.
make a sen with”Seniority”
the advantage that you get by working for a company for a long time or the state of being higher in rank than someone else:
Leverage
The distributed and immutable nature of blockchain technology could potentially be
leveraged to accelerate the ongoing transition to more decentralized and digitalised energy systems
—————————————————————–
the action or advantage of using a lever:
to use something that you already have in order to achieve something new or better:
We can gain a market advantage by leveraging our network of partners.
to use something that you already have, such as a resource, in order to achieve something new or better:
This new strategy is about leveraging the relationships we have with our customers.
exaggerated
to make something seem larger, more important, better, or worse than it really is:
You shouldn’t believe everything she says - she does tend to exaggerate.
Insight
(the ability to have) a clear, deep, and sometimes sudden understanding of a complicated problem or situation:
It was an interesting book, full of fascinating insights into human relationships.
–Overlay–
q: total meaning & meaning in :
1. Her new novel is overlaid with political concerns.
2.
ADD
1\$\$ Something that is overlaid with something has a particular quality added to it that influences its character: //maybe is a political book
2$$to cover something with a layer of something:
information, data, ideas, etc. that are added to existing information:
The phone codes could be changed completely, or by an overlay that adds a second area code.
diminish
to reduce or be reduced in size or importance:
[ I ] The threat of inflation is diminishing.
stakeholder
a person or group of people who own a share in a business
a person such as an employee, customer, or citizen who is involved with an organization, society, etc. and therefore has responsibilities towards it and an interest in its success
junior
someone who has a job at a low level within an organization:
an office junior
underpinning
%%%Foundation
support, strength, or the basic structure of something:
———————————————————————
After a while, we found ourselves questioning the spiritual and philosophical underpinning of the American way of life.
spiritual ---- Painting helps fill a spiritual need for beauty. spiritual values -spiritual values
relating to deep feelings and beliefs, especially religious beliefs:
Traditional ways of life fulfilled both economic and spiritual needs.
chartered
uk (of people who do particular jobs) having successfully finished the necessary training and exams:
He’s a chartered surveyor/accountant.
rented for a particular purpose:
a small chartered plane
They spent their annual holiday on a chartered yacht in the Caribbean.
a chartered organization has an official charter that allows it to operate:
a chartered bank/company/organization
workforce
the group of people who work in a company, industry, country, etc.:
The majority of factories in the region have a workforce of 50 to 100 (people).
As CEO, she is responsible for a workforce of 29,000 people.
the people who are available for work in a particular area, country, or industry:
the UK, US, etc. workforce
The government is determined to create a skilled workforce capable of preparing the country for a fast-paced global economy.
ad hoc
made or happening only for a particular purpose or need, not planned before it happens:
an ad hoc committee/meeting
We deal with problems on an ad hoc basis (= as they happen
for a particular purpose or need, esp. for an immediate need:
The ad hoc committee will meet next week.
commentary
1.a spoken description of an event on the radio or television that is broadcast as the event happens:
—The commentary on the Olympic Games was much better on the other channel.
3.a set of written remarks on an event, book, or person that explains its subject or expresses an opinion on it:
–There’s good arts coverage in the newspaper, but not much political commentary.
4-running commentary
a continuous description of events as they are happening
Lead
Verb/Noun/Adj
Noun:
a winning position during a race or other situation where people are competing:
By the end of the day’s play Davies had a lead of three points.
the act of showing a person or group of people what to do:
We’ll go through the dance routine again - follow my lead (= do what I do).
lead noun (ELECTRICAL)
[ C ] also wire, uk also flex, us also cord a wire covered in plastic and used to connect electrical equipment to the electricity supply
Adjective
used to describe the main performer or part in a performance:
Who played the lead role in the movie?
attribution
#the act of saying what the origin or cause of something is:
# to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something
– The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.
## if people in general attribute a particular statement, painting, piece of music etc to someone, they believe that person said it, painted it etc
– a saying usually attributed to Confucius
the act of saying or thinking that something is the result or work of a particular person or thing:
millennial
a person who was born in the 1980s, 1990s, or early 2000s:
Millennials have grown up with the internet and can’t imagine a world without it.
authentic
If something is authentic, it is real, true, or what people say it is:
an authentic 1920s dress
being what it is claimed to be; genuine:
How can we be sure the signature is authentic?
authenticity»noun
Officials questioned the authenticity of his claim.
credibility
the fact that someone can be believed or trusted:
A mistake like that will do his credibility a lot of harm.
demographic
a group of people, for example customers, who are similar in age, social class, etc.:
This demographic (young teenagers) is the fastest-growing age group using the site.
controversial
a controversial issue/decision/speech/figure
disclaim
disclaimer
to say that you have no responsibility for, or knowledge of, something that has happened or been done:
disclaimer:
formal a formal statement saying that you are not legally responsible for something, such as the information given in a book or on the internet, or that you have no direct involvement in it
amendment
a change or changes made to the words of a text:
I’ve made a few last-minute amendments to the article.
discrepancy
a difference between two things that should be the same:
There is some discrepancy between the two accounts.
an unexpected difference, esp. in two amounts or two sets of facts or conditions, which suggests that something is wrong and has to be explained:
There were troubling discrepancies between his public and private opinions on how to balance the budget.
outline of
it’s useful to write an outline of your essay before you start to write the first draft.
state subsidies #depend on state subsidies to keep them going,
The argument in favour of higher prices for foreign tourists would be that cultural or historical attractions often depend on state subsidies to keep them going, which means that the resident population already pays money to these sites through the tax system.
student union
car workers’ union
The car workers’ union is demanding a 7% pay rise this year.
committee
compare with union
She sits on/is on the school’s development committee.
The committee is composed of MPs, doctors, academics and members of the public.
The finance committee controls the school’s budget.
————————————————————————
a small group of people chosen to represent a larger organization and either make decisions or collect information for it:
he offered me the job on the spot
without any delay; immediately.
all the applications are processed on the spot.
the clerk recognized her straight away
immediately
they will be able to issue you the card straight away.
board(people)
Every decision has to be approved by the board (of directors).
She started in the firm after college and now she’s on the board/a board member.
uk The board of governors meet/meets once a month to discuss school policy.
————————————————————————-
the group of people who are responsible for controlling and organizing a company or organization:
=committee
soak (verb)
to make banana chips, they are soaked in water
ceasee
stop,stop doing
legacy
> An elderly cousin had left her a small legacy.
>The Greeks have a rich legacy of literature.
sth remain from past
money or
money or property that you receive from someone after they die:
commute to
Do you commute or travel?
!.
use for a place like school,uni,home,,,,you go every day go & back ##!• Many may eventually be able to work from home rather than commute to an office
vitality
so much activity, so much vitality.
bitter Controversy #spark controversy among=provoke dispute #cause controversy #controversial #rise controversy over
His speech caused great controversy.
■ controversy arises:
Some controversy arose over the safety of the vaccination.
Exposure
Of/as/to
1.Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause skin cancer
2.the exposure of his underground political activity
3.her fear of exposure as a spy
___________
The visit to Germany gave them exposure to the language
Here means experience
Outweigh
The benefits of the scheme outweigh the disadvantages.
Comprehensive
We offer our customers a comprehensive range of financial products.
● a comprehensive guide to British hotels and restaurants
$$$$$$$$$$
including all the necessary facts, details, or problems that need to be dealt with
&&&&&&&
Do not confuse with comprehensible (=able to be understood) or understanding (=sympathetic about people’s problems): His report was barely comprehensible. | My parents are very understanding.
appeal to
————
request
1-The police have issued a new appeal for information.
2-All the organizations involved have sent urgent appeals to the government, asking for extra funding.
———————————————
be attractive
1-The programme appeals to young children.
2-The idea of working abroad really appeals to me.
racial/race discrimination
There must be an end to religious discrimination.
the practice of treating one person or group differently from another in an unfair way
–
2-Laws have been passed banning racial discrimination.
3-There must be an end to religious discrimination.
prejudice
** to influence someone so that they have an unfair or unreasonable opinion about someone or something
a cultural prejudice against fat people
–without prejudice (to something)
—
1-racial prejudice
a novel about a young white boy who is forced to confront his racial prejudice
—————————-
blind prejudice (=prejudice that stops you from considering the facts)
I tried to show him he was just talking out of blind prejudice.
————
A criminal record will prejudice your chances of getting a job.
mistreat
Security forces are accused of mistreating prisoners.
corruption
فساد
dishonest, illegal, or immoral behaviour, especially from someone with power
——————————
1-moral corruption
Some people see television as a cause of moral corruption in young people.
2-The investigation uncovered widespread corruption within the police force.
tasteful
attractive and chosen for style and quality:
—-complete from cambridge
taste
complete from ..
credible
ss
make a contribution to
something that you give or do in order to help something be successful
Her story is completely credible - she doesn’t usually exaggerate.
deserving or able to be believed or trusted → incredible
————————————-
write me an example:
human instinct
sexual/maternal/survival instinct
——————————
trust your instinct(s)
1-the human instinct to form relationships
2- Her instinct told her that something was wrong
3-I’ve trusted my instincts in the past and they’ve usually been right.
——————————————————-
a natural tendency to behave in a particular way or a natural ability to know something, which is not learned
—————————————-
#Birds build nests by instinct.
The mere fact that the talks are continuing is a positive sign.
It can’t be a mere coincidence that they left at the same time.
What a coincidence!
when two things happen at the same time, in the same place, or to the same people in a way that seems surprising or unusual →
People had an intuition that something was not right.
an idea about what is true in a particular situation based on a feeling rather than facts
I’m 85, but I still feel young in spirit.
——————————–
a young team with strong fighting spirit
independent/proud/free etc spirit (=a person with a particular type of character)
——————-
courage, energy, and determination – used to show approval
lift/raise/revive somebody’s spirits
high/good sprit
=make them feel happier)
A brisk walk helped to lift my spirits.
======================================================
high/good (=used when saying that someone is happy and excited)
The players were all in high spirits.
• Data encryption ensures the privacy and ‘confidentiality ‘of email messages.
a situation in which you trust someone not to tell secret or private information to anyone else
محرمانه بودن
approach as a verb?
As I approached the house, I noticed a light on upstairs.
to move towards or nearer to someone or something
a bizarre coincidence
very unusual or strange
**They are not just a little different, they are bizarre looking.
passive
Full-time employees are entitled to receive health insurance.
*Being a member entitles you to discounts on tickets.
—————————————————-
to give someone the official right to do or have something
McDermott pulled out with an injury at the last minute.
to stop doing or being involved in something, or to make someone do this
for car change a line
a devastating effect/impact
a devastating flood/fire/earthquake etc
ویرانگر
1-The recession has had a devastating impact on employment in this area.
2-The country is still recovering from last year’s devastating floods.
- badly damaging or destroying something
The house she lives in is infested with cockroaches, and damp is coming through the ceiling.
if insects, rats etc infest a place, there are a lot of them and they usually cause damage
meaning of” crops” in below sen?
large farms growing cash crops such as tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber
محصولات زراعی crops
meaning of” lenient” in below sen?
modern parents tend to be too lenient or permissive
what is the consequence of it?
modern parents tend to be too lenient or permissive. Many children become accustomed to getting whatever they want, and they find it difficult to accept the demands of teachers or the limits imposed on them by school rules.
make sentences with below pattern
1#there must be an issue with the quality of
if teachers cannot control their students, there must be an issue with the quality of classroom management training
meaning of” leaflet” in below sen?
Students were handing out election leaflets at the station.
a small book or piece of paper advertising something or giving information on a particular subject
meaning of” forfeit” in below sen? /ˈfɔːfɪt/
If a team does not show up with enough players, they forfeit the game.
to lose a right, position, possession etc or have it taken away from you because you have broken a law or rule ##The company will forfeit all its assets to the federal government.
meaning of” wrist” in below sen? /rɪst/
She had a gold watch on her wrist.
the part of your body where your hand joins your arm
meaning of” afford” in below sen?
1#The room affords a beautiful view over the city.
2#rebecca decided to become an illustrator because it afforded her greater objectivity as an artist
here “provide”
make sentences with
- set an objective
- reach/accomplish an objective
- a common objective
- **Pupils should be encouraged to set their own objectives.
- **The policy should help us achieve our objective of reducing paper waste.
**Our employees have a sense of common objectives and their commitment is high.
meaning of” cautious” in below sen?
Keller is cautious about making predictions for the success of the program.
if buyers or investors are cautious, they are unwilling to buy because they feel uncertain about the future
meaning of “a mock-up of the system”
you can design and print mock-up book pages
meaning of” dexterity” in below sen?
Computer games can improve children’s manual dexterity.
%%1 skill and speed in doing something with your hands
• It has used its intelligence and dexterity to make one.
meaning of” literacy” in below sen?
Literacy levels amongst girls very quickly overtook those of boys.
the state of being able to read and write
attainment #1#synonym #2#collocation #3#usage in sen
1#achievement 2#social/cultural attainment 3# *a society remarkable for its cultural attainments *a low level of educational attainments
nursery rhymes?
mothers who taught the children songs and nursery rhymes had a significant effect on their attainment ..
search in google translate
what means “nursery”?
There was the nursery, the school-room, and the drawing-room: there were three lots.
check it
give an example with :equip
1##They spent a lot of money equipping the school with new computers.
2##We equip students with the skills they will need once they leave college.
0#what is reception class in the UK?
A reception class is a class that children go into when they first start school at the age of four or five.
Say a sentence with
1$$Appeals to
2$$find sth appealing
- 2**I find your program quite appealing since..
* *1**the ad appeals to people of all races
Say a sentence with ##regardless of###
People should be treated equally regardless of their race, age or sez
Make a sentence with these words:
@”Privileged few”
Only privileged few can afford private education
Make a sentence with these words: 1@work for 2@work against 3@work at 4@work as
- You have to find which methods best work for you
- I work for a law firm
- this drug works against cancer.
- i work as a business analyst at Rhyton GmbH
- work as a business analyst
Make a sentence with these words:
1#Make countries self-sufficient
The increased in productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock
0#give me an example of some animals which are kept on a farm?
Such as cows, sheep or chickens
As use of…. Profilerated
0#meaning
Increased
Make a sentence with these words:
1#Immediate family?
We celebrated my birthday with the immediate family.
=enger Familienkreis m
**larger than ‘first-degree family’
Cohabitation
0#synonym
1#Make a sentence :
1-legal marriage instead of simply cohabiting
2-Only about one in three couples who cohabit end up getting married.
Make a sentence with these words:
1#end up in marriage?
2-Only about one in three couples who cohabit end up getting married.
“He had an affair with his boss that lasted six years.”
0#affair synonym
1#Meaning
0= love affair
search!
Make a sentence with these words:
1#Civil partnership?
Discrimination between marriage and Civil partnership
%%This is when you are treated differently at work because you are married or in a civil partnership.
Make a sentence with these words:
1#adopt a child?
2#adopt an approach/policy
3#the difference bt “adopt” & “foster”
1# David and Sheila are unable to have children, but they’re hoping to adopt.
2#EU must adopt an approach that encourages participation
3#The couple wanted to adopt a black child they had been fostering.
Say a sentence
1$elaborate as adjective
2$elaborate as verb
2$the teachers comment, correct or elaborate as necessary.
**means:to give more details or new information about something
**syninym:enlarge
^^^^^McDonald refused to elaborate on his reasons for resigning.
1$She had prepared an elaborate excuse for her absence.
^^^^^• He did not typically employ elaborate statistics to test hypotheses
means: carefully planned and organized in great detail
synonym:complex
meaning of due in :
@1@”he had paid trade union dues for years”
@2@”driving without due care and attention”
@3@”the baby’s due in August”
@1@ noun: an obligatory payment; a fee.
@2@adj: suffecient,proper
@3@expected time
meaning of ‘render’:
“money serves as a reward for services rendered”
provide or give (a service, help, etc.).
meaning of ‘dispute’:
@1@”The firm is involved in a legal dispute with a rival company.”
@2@
It is hoped that the dispute can be resolved peacefully.
@3@It caused a bitter dispute between the neighbouring republics
@1@ a serious argument or disagreement
dispute with
be involved in a dispute
&&The US government became involved in a dispute with China
@2@resolve/settle a dispute (=end it)
@3@a bitter/fierce dispute (=very angry)
meaning
@1@The jury failed to reach a verdict.
reach/arrive at a verdict (=agree on a decision)
— an official decision made in a court of law, especially about whether someone is guilty of a crime or how a death happened
meaning
@1!@I feel very bitter about it.
feeling angry, jealous, and upset because you think you have been treated unfairly → bitterly
bitter about
meaning
@infant likes to mimic
to copy the way someone speaks and moves, esp. in order to amuse or insult people:
She was mimicking the various people in our office.
meaning
@Luke made a rude gesture with his finger.
a movement of part of your body, especially your hands or head, to show what you mean or how you feel
&&&
meaning
@The treatment of diabetes reached a significant milestone in the 1970s.
نقطع عطف
مرحله مهم
infant in terms of cognitive and communicative milestones can use basic words and gestures
synonym
@• I think Jim’s too immature to live on his own.
childish
@ someone who is immature behaves or thinks in a way that is typical of someone much younger – used to show disapproval
meaning
@He spent years acquiring his skills as a surgeon.
@ Elsie acquired a good knowledge of Chinese.
to gain knowledge or learn a skill
synonym
@the ability to translate abstract ideas into words
@ By the age of seven, children are capable of thinking in abstract terms
theoretical
&& based on general ideas or principles rather than specific examples or real events
meaning
@an achievement unparalleled in sporting history
bigger, better, or worse than anything else
meaning
@ American children did less well in math than their peers in Japan.
your peers are the people who are the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc
If you enjoy travelling, young children can be a tie.
- ***1##family/blood ties
- **2###emotional ties
- ****3###economic ties
- **4##cut/serve tie with
something that means you must stay in one place, job etc or prevents you from being free to do what you want
%% a strong relationship between people, groups, or countries
**1##Family ties have been weakened by older people living apart from their children.
2##He was a loner who failed to develop emotional ties with other people.
**3##Japan and South Korea have close economic ties.
***4##He said that he planned to sever his ties with the club.
meaning@
Young children have very different temperaments and so the style of management of one child may not suit another.
the emotional part of someone’s character, especially how likely they are to be happy, angry etc
meaning@
When her knock elicited no response, she opened the door and peeped in.
to succeed in getting information or a reaction from someone, especially when this is difficult
BOTH meaning of ‘appetite’
1@desire for food
@desire for anything the person like
She has an amazing appetite for knowledge.
–I’m a bit worried about her lack of appetite.
piece of furniture
UC
proceed anyway in unsafe mode
what “enigma” means in below Sen?
1-Alan Macfarlane has like other historians, spent decades wrestling with the enigma of the Industrial Revolution.
=mystry
@someone or something that is strange and difficult to understand
–• He was to a certain extent an enigma.
example of “strike “?
1-though/idea
2-work
2-why did it strike at the end of the 18th century
-hit یهویی معنی تکان دهنده ،اعتراض به کار
1- if something strikes you, you think of it, notice it, or realize that it is important, interesting, true etc
&&& The first thing that struck me was the fact that there were no other women present.
2-if a group of workers strike, they stop working as a protest against something relating to their work, for example how much they are paid, bad working conditions etc #### In many countries, the police are forbidden to strike.
3-sth bad happen
take off in business?
## to start being successful I hear the business is really taking off.
&&& to start being successful
I hear the business is really taking off.
meaning? "affluent middle class willing to buy mass-produced objects
=wealthy
having plenty of money, nice houses, expensive things etc
$$The students mainly come from affluent families.
meaning:
the fact that tea & bear both are made with boiled water-allowed [1]urban communities to[4] flourish at close [2]quarters without [3]succumbing to water-borne disease”
1@urban communities جوامع شهری
2@ I found a small flat in the student quarter.
an area of a town
3@sccumb to an illness
if you succumb to an illness, you become very ill or die of it
**** About 400,000 Americans succumb each year to smoking-related illnesses.
4@ The economy is booming and small businesses are flourishing.
thrive= to develop well and be successful
meaning:
Mortality from heart disease varies widely across the world.
Mortality from heart disease varies widely across the world.
&&half human, half vampire, immortal
meaning:
Overcrowding and poor sanitation are common problems in prisons.
the protection of public health by removing and treating waste, dirty water etc
بهداشت و درمان
meaning: Profits dipped slightly last year.
=fall
if an amount or level dips, it becomes less, usually for just a short time
the meaning of behold and beholder:
Sample:
“The new bridge is an incredible sight to behold.”
***a person who sees or observes someone or something.
“the building and landscape can elicit imaginative responses from the beholder”
%%to see or to look at something – sometimes used humorously
^^^^be a sight/joy/pleasure etc to behold
@@ The beauty of the garden was a pleasure to behold.
two meaning of”landscape” as a noun
the meaning of”landscape” as a verb
^^the beauty of the New England landscape
@@rural/industrial/urban etc landscape
1@talking about the appearance of an area of countryside or land
منظره
2@a picture
$$a picture showing an area of countryside or land
^^English landscape artists
3@verb: making a place attractive by design
^^^The area around the mill pond has also been landscaped.
$$to make a park, garden etc look attractive and interesting by changing its design, and by planting trees and bushes etc
the meaning of”elicit”
:
The test uses pictures to elicit words from the child.
$$$to succeed in getting information or a reaction from someone, especially when this is difficult
» When her knock elicited no response, she opened the door and peeped in.
++
the meaning of avant-garde
**Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement
fore-guard
پیشگام
%%%are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society
&&&The avant-garde pushes the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. The avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism,
three meaning of radical 1@radical+noun 2@radical ideas 3@radical person * a radical reform of the tax system
OPP slight
1@a radical change or difference is very big and important
**They are proposing radical changes to the way the company is run.
**radical dfferences
2@radical idea OPP Consevative
**radical ideas are very new and different, and are against what most people think or believe
&& I was shocked by her radical views.
&&& a radical approach to education
3@radical person
a radical feminist
—someone who is radical has ideas that are very new and different, and against what most people think or believe
the meaning of overhaul
:a proposal to overhaul the health-care system
as a verb@
—to repair or change all the parts of a machine or system that is not working correctly
+++a proposal to overhaul the health-care system
as a noun@
—- an overhaul of the tax system
»»»>when a system or method is changed in order to improve it
—–when a system or method is changed in order to improve it
»»»»»>necessary changes or repairs made to a machine or system.
$$$very imp
the meaning of “aesthetic “ as adj as noun
@From an esthetic point of view, it’s a nice design
1@connected with beauty and the study of beauty
+++ The town council will discuss plans for aesthetic improvements at two city parks.
noun@a set of principles about beauty or art
»a new aesthetic
use 'comfort' in a sentence @@for comfort @@too hot/high..for comfort @@build/made/design for comfort @@from emotional point of view @@live in comfort
for comfort@
i dress for comfort, not fashion.
@@too hot/high..for comfort
The temperature was too low for comfort.
build/made/design for comfort@@
+++ All our sports shoes are designed for comfort and performance
@@@@from emotional point of view@@
1-++Whenever he was upset, he would turn to her for comfort and advice.»»
if someone or something gives you comfort, they make you feel calmer, happier, or more hopeful after you have been worried or unhappy
2–if it’s any comfort (=used to introduce a statement that you think may make someone feel slightly less worried or unhappy)
Well, if it’s any comfort, I don’t think he’ll try again.
3-give/bring/provide/offer comfort
a book which offers comfort and help to the parents of children with cancer
@@live in comfort
a way of living in which you have all the money and possessions that you need or want →
»_space;»When grandfather died, he left us both enough to live in comfort for the rest of our lives.
use 'comfort' in a sentence @@for comfort @@too hot/high..for comfort @@build/made/design for comfort @@from emotional point of view @@live in comfort -------------------------------------------- @@find comfort in
@@bring comfort
for comfort@
i dress for comfort, not fashion.
@@too hot/high..for comfort
The temperature was too low for comfort.
build/made/design for comfort@@
+++ All our sports shoes are designed for comfort and performance
@@@@from emotional point of view@@
1-++Whenever he was upset, he would turn to her for comfort and advice.»»
if someone or something gives you comfort, they make you feel calmer, happier, or more hopeful after you have been worried or unhappy
2–if it’s any comfort (=used to introduce a statement that you think may make someone feel slightly less worried or unhappy)
Well, if it’s any comfort, I don’t think he’ll try again.
3-give/bring/provide/offer comfort
a book which offers comfort and help to the parents of children with cancer
@@live in comfort
a way of living in which you have all the money and possessions that you need or want →
»_space;»When grandfather died, he left us both enough to live in comfort for the rest of our lives.
@@@find/take comfort in something
He had been through a similar experience and she found comfort in that.
@@@bring (somebody) comfort
Religious belief can bring comfort during times of stress.
meaning Sculpture?
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions
meaning artefact?
:a cubist painting by Pablo Picasso and the African artefact that inspired Picasso’s work
@@
an object such as a tool, weapon etc that was made in the past and is historically important
»»>
ancient Egyptian artefacts
meaning gulf:
These works of art are separated by great gulfs in time, different social and political systems, and language divides.
@gulf between
1@@@a large area of sea partly enclosed by land
+++ the Gulf of Mexico
2@@gapp
a great difference and lack of understanding between»_space;two groups of people, especially in their beliefs, opinions, and way of life
+++ the huge gulf between management and unions
meaning of “seemingly”
@@apparently
++ seemingly unrelated bits of information
»appearing to have a particular quality, when this may or may not be true
+++ There is seemingly nothing we can do to stop the plans going ahead.
meaning of “urge” as a verb
meaning of “urge” as a noun
@She had to resist a constant urge to look back over her shoulder
?strong/powerful urge
?resist/fight/suppress an urge
?satisfy an urge
YOU: some people satisfy their urge and follow their dreams while some other fight their urge and refuse to take a risk
1@ to strongly suggest that someone does something
++Police are urging drivers not to come into London this weekend.
2@ He urged her forward, his hand under her elbow.
»to make someone or something move by shouting, pushing them etc
»
3@noun SYN desire
a strong wish or need
++ He could no longer resist the urge to go and see Amanda.
++ He could no longer resist the urge to go and see Amanda.
%%%%%?strong/powerful urge
The urge was too strong to resist.
%%%%%?resist/fight/suppress an urge
She had to resist a constant urge to look back over her shoulder.
meaning of “impulse”
On impulse? ##an impulse buy? irresistible impulse? a natural impulse? act on an impulse?
@@SYN urge as a noun
+++++ a sudden impulse to laugh
**on impulse
On impulse, I picked up the phone and rang her.
***an impulse buy
She admitted that the necklace had been an impulse buy.
**irresistible impulse
I felt an irresistible impulse to giggle.
***a natural impulse
My natural impulse was to shout for help.
++++act on an impulse
»Acting on an impulse, he decided to visit his sister.
Acting on an impulse, he decided to visit his sister.
meaning of “overwhelming”
1@ She found the city quite overwhelming when she first arrived.
2@ There is overwhelming evidence that smoking damages your health.
1@having such a great effect on you that you feel confused and do not know how to react
2@2 very large or greater, more important etc than any other
meaning of “furnish” as a verb
meaning of “furnished” as a adj
1@ Having bought the house, they couldn’t afford to furnish it.
++ a room furnished with a desk and swivel chair
»»»» to put furniture and other things into a house or room
@meaning of “furnished” as a adj@
++The bedrooms are elegantly furnished.
++a fully furnished flat
meaning of “cottage”
We’re staying in a holiday cottage in Dorset.
@@a small house in the country
> > remote (=far from any towns)
+++There’s a remote cottage in the mountains where we go for walking holidays.
meaning of “injustice”
&& a situation in which people are treated very unfairly and not given their rights
++ innumerable injustices against the black population
make a sen with “cease”:
1-cease to do something
2-cease doing something
cease trading/production/operations etc (=stop operating a business)
1-
He ceased to be a member of the association.
**The things people will do for charity never cease to amaze me (=I am always surprised by them).
2-
** The rain ceased and the sky cleared.
** The company ceased production at their Norwich plant last year.
meaning of “exclusively”
This offer is available exclusively to people who call now.
only
*****gentleness is not an exclusively feminine characteristic.
understanding the meaning of the figure:
what means figure in the below sentences:
1- Ohio’s unemployment figures for December
2-an estimated figure of $200 million2-
3-Several leading figures resigned from the party.
4-Most women have to watch their figure
1-a number representing an amount, especially an official number : unemployment/sales/trade figures
2-a particular amount of money
3-someone who is important or famous in some way
a leading/key/central figure
4-the shape of a woman’s body
**She has a good figure.
##keep/lose your figure (=stay thin or become fat)
articulate
1- Many people are unable to articulate the unhappiness they feel.
***• I was feeling emotions that I found difficult to articulate.
#mean:/verb/:to express your ideas or feelings in words
2- bright, articulate 17-year-olds
mean:/adj/ able to talk easily and effectively about things, especially difficult subjects
Basin /ˈbeɪsən/
1- the Amazon basin
2- a wash basin
1-a round container attached to the wall in a bathroom, where you wash your hands and face
2- =sink
an area of land that is lower at the centre than at the edges, especially one from which water runs down into a river
aqueduct
/ˈækwədʌkt/
1- Their social organization resulted in the building of bridges, roads, and aqueducts that still stand.
a structure like a bridge, that carries water across a river or valley
• A gondola was waiting by the steps.
• A gondola was waiting by the steps.
monument
ˈmɒnjəmənt
1– He erected a monument on the spot where his daughter was killed.
2– Ancient monuments are protected by law.
memorial
1-a building, statue, or other large structure that is built to remind people of an important event or famous person
2-2 a very old building or place that is important historically
statue:
– Churchill’s statue stands outside the parliament building.
sculpture
–an image of a person or animal that is made in solid material such as stone or metal and is usually large
–a life-size statue (=the same size as the person or animal it shows)
a life-size bronze statue of a youth
clamp
1-verb
–to put or hold something in a position so that it cannot move
– Clamp the two parts together until the glue dries.
2— He returned, only to discover his car had been clamped.
3-noun
1-to put or hold something in a position so that it cannot move
گیردادن-سفت کردن ..تکون نخوره
2-to put a clamp on the wheel of a car so that the car cannot be driven away. This is usually done because the car is illegally parked
3-گیره
dock
1-noun
The ship is in dock for repairs.
2-verb
We docked at Rangoon the next morning.
3- Users can dock a laptop to their desktop setup.
3-
اسکله-بارانداز
نقطه تماس کشتی ها و …
1-a place in a port where ships are loaded, unloaded, or repaired
2- if a ship docks, or if the captain docks it, it sails into a dock so that it can unload
3-to connect two computers using an electrical wire
if two spacecraft dock, they join together in space
Meaning of “Owning to”
Owing to the particular environmentconsciousness of Austria and Switzerland and the framework conditions they have consequently
Aufgrund des besonders ausgeprägten Umweltbewusstseins in Österreich und der Schweiz und
—-madyoon be,bekhatere
/spine/pic net
human spinal cord?
the row of bones down the centre of your back that supports your body and protects your spinal cord
/spine/
– the part of a book that the pages are fastened onto
‘withstand’ mean?
1– This fabric can withstand steam and high temperatures.
2– The Chancellor has withstood the criticism and held firm.
1-stand up to,resist
to be strong enough to remain unharmed by something such as great heat, cold, pressure etc
2-to defend yourself successfully against people who attack, criticize, or oppose you
‘immense’?
immense value
1-extremely large,enormous
Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone.
‘dismantle’?
Chris dismantled the bike in five minutes.
1 to take a machine or piece of equipment apart so that it is in separate pieces
‘landmark’?
–landmark decision-agreemnent
The discovery of penicillin was a landmark in the history of medicine.
–
$$one of the most important events, changes, or discoveries that influences someone or something
$$The company won landmark settlements against several competitors from Japan and South Korea.
what is monsoon?
the season, from about April to October, when it rains a lot in India and other southern Asian countries
–موسم بارندگی
how to grow plant organically?
by eliminating usage of herbicides,pesticide and fertilizer
what is multi-storey?
a multi-storey building has many levels or floors
make sen with ‘aspiration’
=ambition
their hopes and aspirations for the future
The cost of land in Tokyo is prohibitive.
prohibitive?
prohibitive costs are so high that they prevent people from buying or doing something
— Moving house would be prohibitively expensive.
-escape as suffix
landscape
townscape
soundscape?
related to the view of town,land, sound ##A soundscape is the acoustic environment as perceived by humans, in context.
-vary in
people vary in their perception of AAA,so someone with years of working in BBB might be very diffrent from you in that regard.
people vary in their perception of noise //perception of the surroundings
workmanship?
It was neither poor workmanship to blame, nor poor machinery, but poor management.
=craftsmanship
skill in making things, especially in a way that makes them look good
crude?
1- a crude estimate of the population available for work
#even though these maps are fairly crude,they’ve been useful in providing information and raising awareness that noise matters.
2- His language was often crude.
3-crude oil
1-approximate :
not exact or without any detail, but generally correct and useful
## a crude estimate of the population available for work
# crude workmanship
2- offensive or rude, especially in a sexual way
3-crude oil, rubber etc is in its natural or raw condition before it is treated
commercial audience?
A commercial audience is an estimate of the people, motorists, or the target audience exposed to actual advertising.
film adaption?
A film adaptation is the transfer of a work or story, in whole or in part, to a feature film.
loose? -Ran was a very loose adaption(film) 1-hair 2- a loose translation 3- a loose sweatshirt 4- a loose federation of political groups
1-if your hair is loose, it hangs freely rather than being tied back
Her hair fell loose around her shoulders
2-not exact or thoroughly done
3-loose clothes are big and do not fit your body tightly
5-not strictly controlled or organized
what ‘substantial’ means?
Electric cars reduce emissions. The level of reduction depends on how the electricity is generated; however, it can be substantial.
notable, remarkable
what means ‘feature’ in following sentence?
**celebrities become such an important feature of modern life
#part ** Air bags are a standard feature in most new cars.
a part of something that you notice because it seems important, interesting, or typical
what is ‘cult of celebrity’?
the tendency of people to care too much about famous people
