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Common Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Therapeutic class of oxytocin

A

oxytocics

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2
Q

Pharmacologic class of oxytocin

A

Exogenous hormones

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3
Q

Indications of oxytocin

A
  • to induce or stimulate labor
  • to reduce postpartum bleeding after exposure of placenta
  • Incomplete,evitable or elective abortion
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4
Q

action of oxytocin

A

Causes potent and selective stimulation of uterine and mammary gland smooth muscle

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5
Q

Adverse reactions of oxytocin
maternal

A

CNS: subarachnoid hemorrhage, seizures, coma
CV: arrhythmia, hypertension, hypotension, tachycardia
GI: nausea, vomiting
GU: abruptio placentae, tetanic uterine contractions, postpartum hemorrhage, urine rupture, impaired uterine blood flow, pelvic hematoma, increased uterine motility
Hematologic: afribrinogenemia, possibly related to postpartum bleeding, pelvic hematoma
Others: anaphylaxis, death from oxytocin induced water intoxication, hypersensitivity reactions

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6
Q

adverse reactions
fetal or neonate

A

CNS: brain damage, seizures
CV: bradycardia, arrhythmia, PVCs
EENT: neonatal retinal hemorrhage
Hepatic: Neil jaundice
Other: low apgar scores at five minutes, death

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7
Q

Contraindications & Cautions of Oxytocin

A
  • Do not use in patients allergic to oxytocin.
  • Do not use if vaginal delivery is unsafe (e.g., placenta previa, cervical cancer, genital herpes, or transverse lie).
  • Avoid in cases of fetal distress (unless delivery is immediate), prematurity, severe pregnancy complications, or overly strong uterine contractions.
  • Use with caution in patients with previous cervical or uterine surgeries (like cesarean), invasive cervical cancer, multiple pregnancies, uterine infections, traumatic delivery, or an overly stretched uterus.
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8
Q

Nursing Considerations of Oxytocin

A
  • Monitor closely during IV administration.
  • Stop infusion if uterine overstimulation or fetal distress occurs.
  • Watch for water intoxication (fluid overload, seizures).
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9
Q

Mefenamic Acid is used for?

A

used for short-term pain relief (up to 7 days) and primary dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain). It has anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, and fever-reducing properties by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes.

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10
Q

Indications for Mefenamic Acid

A
  • rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, dysmenorrhea, and mild to moderate pain, inflammation, and fever.
  • Used for patients 14 years and older when treatment does not exceed one week.
  • Specifically for treating menstrual pain (primary dysmenorrhea).
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11
Q

Side effects/adverse effect of mefenamic acid

A

Side Effects of Mefenamic Acid:

Stomach Issues:

Nausea, vomiting
Diarrhea, stomach pain
Indigestion, constipation
Ulcers or bleeding in the stomach (rare but serious)

Nervous System:
Headache, dizziness
Drowsiness, nervousness

Heart and Circulation:
High blood pressure
Swelling (fluid retention)
Increased risk of heart attack or stroke (especially with long-term use)

Kidneys:
Kidney problems
Blood in urine

Blood:
Anemia (low red blood cells)
Longer bleeding time

Skin:
Rash, itching
Rare but serious skin reactions (Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis)

Liver:
Liver problems (rare)
Allergic Reactions:

Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
Worsening of asthma
Hives

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12
Q

Cephalexin used for

A

Cephalexin is used to treat bacterial infections, including:
* Respiratory tract infections (like pneumonia and bronchitis)
* Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
* Skin and soft tissue infections (such as cellulitis)
* Bone infections (like osteomyelitis)
* Ear infections (otitis media)
It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.

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13
Q

Adverse reactions of Cephalexin

A

Common: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain.
Serious: Allergic reactions (rash, swelling), seizures, superinfection, colitis.

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14
Q

Contraindications of Cephalexin:

A
  • Allergy to cephalosporins or penicillin.
  • Use cautiously in patients with seizure history, colitis, or kidney/liver problems.
    Pregnancy & Breastfeeding:
  • Use only if necessary during pregnancy; may pass into breast milk.
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15
Q

Nursing Considerations for Cephalexin:

A
  • Monitor for allergic reactions, diarrhea, or signs of superinfection.
  • Treat streptococcal infections for at least 10 days.
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16
Q

Patient Teaching:

A
  • Take as prescribed, even if feeling better.
  • Report any side effects, especially rashes or diarrhea.
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17
Q

Cefuroxime is used for

A

Treats respiratory tract infections, skin infections, bone and joint infections (IV), urinary tract infections (UTIs), gynecologic infections, septicemia (IV), otitis media (ear infections) (PO), meningitis (IV), Lyme disease (PO), and for surgical infection prevention (IV).

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18
Q

Adverse Reactions/Side Effects for Cefuroxime:

A

CNS: Seizures (in high doses)
GI: Pseudomembranous colitis, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps
Skin: Rashes, hives (urticaria), diaper rash
Blood: Bleeding, anemia, low white blood cell count (leukopenia)
Local: Pain at injection site, vein inflammation (phlebitis)
Misc: Allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), superinfection

19
Q

Nursing Interventions for Cefuroxime:

A
  • Maintain infection control (wash hands, disinfect equipment).
  • Use precautions as required for specific infections.
20
Q

Patient Education for Cefuroxime:

A
  • Report signs of superinfection (black tongue, vaginal itching/discharge, foul-smelling stools).
  • Report severe or prolonged skin rashes or GI issues (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).
21
Q

Contraindications for Cefuroxime:

A

Allergy: Known hypersensitivity to cefuroxime or other cephalosporins.

Severe Allergic Reactions: Caution in those with severe reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., penicillins).

History of Colitis: Increased risk of pseudomembranous colitis.

Renal Impairment: Caution required; may need dosage adjustments.

Seizure Disorders: Increased risk with high doses.

Pregnancy and Lactation: Use cautiously, evaluating risks versus benefits

22
Q

Amoxicillin is used for

A

This medication is commonly prescribed to treat various bacterial infections, particularly those affecting the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin.

23
Q

Amoxicillin is often used with:

A

Clavulanic acid: For acute bacterial sinusitis, community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial otitis media, and urinary tract infections.
Omeprazole: To treat Helicobacter pylori infections, often in combination with other drugs.

24
Q

Contraindications of Amoxicillin

A

Not for use in patients with a history of serious hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome) to amoxicillin or other β-lactam antibiotics.

25
Adverse Reactions/Side Effects of Amoxicillin
Anaphylactic reactions. Severe skin reactions. Drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome (DIES). Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD).
26
Patient Counseling with Amoxicillin:
Patients should be advised to complete the entire course of amoxicillin even if symptoms improve. They should also report any signs of allergic reactions or severe gastrointestinal symptoms to their healthcare provider
27
Methergine is used for:
- Administered after childbirth to help deliver the placenta. - Controls bleeding and improves muscle tone in the uterus.
28
Side Effects of Methergine:
Serious: Increased blood pressure, chest pain, seizures, numbness, light-headedness, sudden weakness or vision issues. Common: Headache, hypertension, seizures.
29
Contraindications of Methergine:
High blood pressure Toxemia of pregnancy Known hypersensitivity to Methergine Use during pregnancy (only for postpartum use)
30
Use of Clindamycin
Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic effective against serious infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, as well as certain streptococcal, staphylococcal, and pneumococcal bacteria.
31
Indications for Clindamycin
- Treats serious infections from anaerobic bacteria (e.g., lung abscess, empyema, intra-abdominal infections). - Treats serious infections from streptococci, staphylococci, and pneumococci (e.g., respiratory and skin infections). - Generally used for patients allergic to penicillin or when penicillin is not suitable. - Use is cautioned due to the risk of colitis.
32
Contraindications for Clindamycin
Not suitable for individuals with a history of hypersensitivity to clindamycin or lincomycin. Pregnancy: Can be used in the second and third trimesters but should be avoided in the first trimester unless necessary. Breastfeeding: Appears in breast milk in low amounts. It's generally safe to continue breastfeeding but monitor the baby for gastrointestinal issues.
33
Adverse Reactions/Side Effects of Clindamycin
Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and risk of Clostridioides difficile colitis. Skin Reactions: Mild to severe rashes, including potential for life-threatening conditions. Liver: Possible jaundice and liver function abnormalities. Kidney: Risk of acute kidney injury. Hematological: May cause transient neutropenia and eosinophilia. Other: Rare reports of DRESS (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) and polyarthritis.
34
what is Co-Amoxiclav
Co-Amoxiclav is a combination antibiotic that includes amoxicillin and clavulanic acid
35
use of Co-Amoxiclav
It is used to treat various bacterial infections, particularly those caused by organisms that produce beta-lactamase enzymes, which can inactivate penicillin antibiotics.
36
indications of Co-Amoxiclav
Co-Amoxiclav is indicated for: Respiratory Tract Infections: Acute otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Cellulitis, abscesses, and bite wounds. Urinary Tract Infections: Cystitis and pyelonephritis. Intra-abdominal Infections: Peritonitis and abscesses. Gynecological Infections: Pelvic inflammatory disease. Bone and Joint Infections: Osteomyelitis.
37
Contraindications for Co-Amoxiclav:
Hypersensitivity: History of allergic reactions to amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, or other beta-lactam antibiotics. Liver Dysfunction: History of cholestatic jaundice or hepatic impairment related to previous use of amoxicillin-clavulanate.
38
Side Effects of Co-Amoxiclav
Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Hypersensitivity Reactions: Rash, urticaria, and itching. Other: Headache, dizziness.
39
Adverse Effects of Co-amoxiclav
Severe Reactions: Anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and liver dysfunction. Clostridium difficile: Antibiotic-associated colitis may occur.
40
Patient Interaction for Co-amoxiclav
Adherence: Take the medication as prescribed and complete the entire course, even if symptoms improve. Allergic Reactions: Report any signs of rash, difficulty breathing, or swelling. Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Inform the healthcare provider if severe diarrhea occurs. Medication History: Discuss all other medications, including over-the-counter drugs, to avoid interactions.
41
use of Ceftriaxone
effective against various bacterial infections, particularly those affecting the respiratory tract, skin, soft tissue, and urinary tract
42
Indications for
Ceftriaxone is indicated for treating infections caused by susceptible bacteria, including: Respiratory Infections: Pneumonia, bronchitis. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Cellulitis, abscesses. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Cystitis, pyelonephritis. Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Infections: Sinusitis, otitis media. Sexually Transmitted Infections: Gonorrhea. Lyme Disease: Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.
43
Contraindications for Ceftriaxone
Ceftriaxone should not be used in: Hypersensitivity: Known allergy to ceftriaxone, other cephalosporins, or penicillin. Neonates: Particularly premature babies (up to 41 weeks postmenstrual age) and those with hyperbilirubinemia. Calcium-Containing IV Solutions: In neonates, due to the risk of harmful precipitates. Intravenous Lidocaine: Ceftriaxone should not be mixed with lidocaine for IV administration.
44
Adverse Effects of Ceftriaxone Common side effects include:
Local Reactions: Pain, swelling at the injection site. Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. Allergic Reactions: Rash, itching. Hematologic: Eosinophilia, thrombocytosis, anemia. Elevated Liver Enzymes: Temporary increases in AST and ALT. Neurological: Headache or dizziness.

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