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medical assistance > common diseases of the body systems > Flashcards

common diseases of the body systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria (typically Streptococcus or Staphylococcus) enters the skin through cuts or abrasions and causes infection of connective tissue with severe inflammation of the skin.

A

cellulitis etiology

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2
Q

Allergic reaction to a specific allergen leading to inflammation of a region of the skin

A

dermatitis etiology

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3
Q

Believed to be caused by hereditary and environmental factors leading to inflammatory skin disease

A

eczema etiology

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4
Q

Damage to DNA of basal cells caused by ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure from the sun and tanning beds

A

Skin cancer: basal cell etiology

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5
Q

Excessive exposure to UVB rays

A

Skin cancer: melanoma etiology

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6
Q

The joint being pushed outside of its normal range of motion, leading to joint and ligament damage

A

sprain etiology

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7
Q

Many factors including malnutrition, inadequate calcium intake/absorption, endocrine disorders, immobilization and lack of exercise, and aging can lead to bone loss, making bone weaker and more prone to fracture.

A

osteoporosis etiology

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8
Q

Degeneration (breakdown) of articular cartilage and changes in the synovial membrane

A

osteoarthritis etiology

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9
Q

Autoimmune disorder leading to changes in the connective tissues of the body, especially the joints

A

rheumatoid arthritis etiology

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10
Q

Excessive accumulation of uric acid in a joint, forming needle-like crystals in the joint

A

gout etiology

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11
Q

Most common cause is blood loss.

Dysfunction in the creation of hemoglobin

Excessive destruction of red blood cells

A

anemia etiology

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11
Q

Hardening of the arteries due to fatty deposits causing narrowing of vessels potentially due to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and other diseases

A

arteriosclerosis etiology

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12
Q

The heart’s decreased ability to pump adequately due to coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, or heart defects

A

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) etiology

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13
Q

An absence of clotting factors in the blood as the result of a genetic defect

A

hemophilia etiology

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14
Q

Genetics, smoking, obesity, stress, too much salt intake

A

hypertension etiology

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15
Q

Cardiac muscle becomes ischemic and dies, typically due to occlusion of the cardiac muscle because of atherosclerosis of the coronary artery.

A

myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack) etiology

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16
Q

Direct damage to the kidneys or other causes leading to a sudden change where the kidneys can no longer filter blood effectively, leading to dangerous levels of toxic waste in the body

A

acute renal failure etiology

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17
Q

Chronic and progressive disease in which the kidneys cannot adequately filter blood due to many potential factors including diabetes, high blood pressure and glomerulonephritis

A

chronic renal failure etiology

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18
Q

Hard crystalline deposits forming in the urine due to abnormally high levels of certain substances in the body

A

renal calculi (kidney stone) etiology

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19
Q

Loss of bladder control leading to leakage of urine, sometimes triggered by coughing, lifting, or sneezing

A

urinary incontinence etiology

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20
Q

Infection in the urinary system most commonly caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli)

A

urinary tract infection etiology

21
Q

Inflammation in the appendix due to blockage of the opening to the appendix, leading to rapidly multiplying bacteria in the appendix

A

appendicitis etiology

22
Q

Immune response triggered by gluten leading to damage of the small intestine and an inability to absorb nutrients

A

celiac disease etiology

23
Q

Cancer of the colon

Risk factors are a high-fat diet, family history, and inflammatory bowel disease.

A

colorectal cancer etiology

24
Q

Pouchlike herniations through the muscular wall of the colon caused by high pressure inside the colon pressing against weak areas of the colon wall

A

diverticulosis etiology

25
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter muscle disfunction leading to stomach contents leaking back up the esophagus

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) etiology

26
Q

Fluid buildup in the alveoli blocks oxygen from passing into the bloodstream following an acute injury, typically in those who are already critically ill or have had previous traumatic injuries.

A

Acute respiratory distress (ARDS) etiology

27
Q

Airway inflammation causes lining of air passages to swell and tighten, leading to a reduction in the amount of air that can pass into and out of the lungs.

A

asthma etiology

28
Q

Acute: Caused by viral illnesses such as colds and flu

Chronic: Caused by smoking

A

bronchitis etiology

29
Q

Disease in which airflow into and out of the lungs is blocked, usually due to a combination of bronchitis and emphysema

Primary cause is smoking.

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) etiology

30
Q

Irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose, along with excessive production of mucus

Allergic rhinitis is triggered by allergens in the air.

A

rhinitis etiology

31
Q

Most common form of progressive dementia caused by progressive destruction on brain cells

A

Alzheimer’s disease etiology

32
Q

Caused by traumatic injury to the brain

A

concussion etiology

33
Q

Occurs from compression of the sciatic nerve, typically due to a herniated disc, bone spur, or tumor

A

sciatica etiology

34
Q

Caused by a decrease in blood supply to the brain or a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain

A

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA; stroke) etiology

35
Q

Caused by the varicella zoster virus (also causes chicken pox)

The virus can lie dormant for years following an infection of chicken pox.

A

shingles etiology

36
Q

Most often caused by overuse of oral corticosteroid medications

Can also be caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

A

Cushing disease etiology

37
Q

Chronic condition caused by lack of insulin production

This is a genetic, autoimmune condition that often develops in childhood and is commonly known as juvenile diabetes.

A

type 1 diabetes mellitus

38
Q

Chronic condition caused by insulin resistance, due to a mix of genetics, obesity, and lifestyle choices

Typically begins in adulthood but is being seen more often in adolescents

A

type 2 diabetes mellitus etiology

39
Q

Overproduction of the thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland

A

hyperthyroidism etiology

40
Q

Underproduction of the thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland

A

hypothyroidism etiology

41
Q

Caused by malfunction in the body’s immune system that disrupts normal thyroid regulation, resulting in hyperthyroidism

A

graves’ disease etiology

42
Q

Overgrowth of the fungal micro-organism Candida albicans

A

candidiasis etiology

43
Q

Zygote implantation in an area other than the uterine wall, most commonly in the uterine tubes

A

ectopic pregnancy etiology

44
Q

Occurs when pieces of endometrial tissue grow outside of the uterine lining, typically on the ovaries, intestines, or pelvic wall

A

endometriosis etiology

45
Q

Caused by the herpes simplex virus spread through sexual contact

A

genital herpes etiology

46
Q

A portion of the intestines protrudes thought a weak point of the abdominal wall.

A

inguinal hernia etiology

47
Q

Some cases are unknown, others may be due to structural abnormalities, or there may be a mechanical problem.

A

cryptorchidism etiology

48
Q

Some causes are unknown.

Some patients are born with no tissue holding the testes to the scrotum.

A

testicular torsion etiology

49
Q

Causes are unknown but are believed to be linked to hormonal changes

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) etiology

medical assistance (1 decks)

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