Common Digestive Manifestations Flashcards

1
Q

May be signs of digestive disorders or other condition elsewhere in the body such as (7)

A
  1. Systemic Infection
  2. Uremia
  3. Emotional responses
  4. Motion sickness
  5. Pressure in the brain
  6. Overindulgence of food, drugs
  7. Pain
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2
Q

Anorexia mean ___
Anorexia often precedes (2)
Anorexia in conjunction with vomiting can cause serious complications such as (3)

A

Loss of appetite
Anorexia often precedes nausea and vomiting
Dehydration, acidosis, and malnutrition

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3
Q

The feeling of nausea is (2)

A

Unpleasant and subjective

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4
Q

What 3 digestive tracts issues could stimulate nausea?

A
  1. Distention
  2. Irritation
  3. Inflammation
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5
Q

Information acquired by your senses could also illicit nausea. Such as (3)

A
  1. Smells
  2. Visual images
  3. Pain
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6
Q

What can you put into your body that can illicit nausea? (2)

A
  1. Chemical Toxins

2. Drugs

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7
Q

Where in the brain is the vomiting center located? What does this area do?

A

In the medulla.

The medulla coordinates activities involved in vomiting and protects airway during vomiting

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8
Q

What is the other term for vomiting?

A

Emesis

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9
Q

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of _ from the _.

Sometimes includes _ from _.

A

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of CHYME from the STOMACH.
Sometimes includes BILE from INTESTINES.

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10
Q

The vomiting center could be activated by ___ or ___ in the digestive tract.

A

The vomiting center could be activated by DISTENTION or IRRITATION in the digestive tract.

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11
Q

The vomiting center is stimulated by various parts of the brain in response to (5)

A
  1. Unpleasant sights
  2. Unpleasant smells
  3. Ischemia
  4. Pain
  5. Stress
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12
Q

What part of the ear could activate the vomiting center?

A

The vestibular apparatus on the inner ear

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13
Q

What stimulates the vomiting activation center and causes projectile vomiting without previous nausea?

A

Increased intracranial pressure

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14
Q

The vomiting activation center is triggered by chemo-receptor trigger zones which are activated by

A

Drugs, toxins, and chemicals.

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15
Q

What type of inspiration is associated with a vomiting reflux?

A

Deep inspiration

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16
Q

The vomiting reflux causes the closing of __, the raising of the ___ ___, and ceasing of ___.

A

The vomiting reflux causes the closing of GLOTTIS, the raising of the SOFT PALATE, and ceasing of RESPIRATION

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17
Q

Ceasing respiration during a vomiting reflux minimizes the risk of ____.

A

Aspiration of vomitus into lungs

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18
Q

What relaxes during the vomiting reflux?

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter

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19
Q

What contracts during the vomiting reflux and what does that do the the gastric contents?

A

The abdominal muscles contract and force the gastric contents to move upward.

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20
Q

What are peristaltic waves and how do they act during the vomiting reflux?
What do they promote?

A

The are the waves that promote digestion in the small intestine.
During the vomiting reflux they work in reverse.
Promoting expulsion of stomach contents

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21
Q

What is vomitus called when there is blood in it?

A

Hematemesis

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22
Q

What does coffee ground vomitus indicate?

A

When a brown granular material is present in vomitus it indicates action of HCl on hemoglobin

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23
Q

What color vomitus indicates hemorrhage?

A

Bright red hemorrhage

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24
Q

Where does yellow or green-stained vomitus come from?

A

Bile from the duodenum

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25
Recurrent vomiting of undigested food indicates a problem with _ or _.
Recurrent vomiting of undigested food indicates a problem with GASTRIC EMPTYING or INFECTION.
26
What type of disorder is bulimia?
An eating disorder
27
Which structures does bulimia cause damage to, what are they caused by? (3)
Damage to structures of the GI tract caused by recurrent vomiting 1. Oral Mucosa 2. Teeth 3. Esophagus
28
What is diarrhea?
Excessive frequency of stools | Usually of loose or watery consistency
29
Is diarrhea acute or chronic?
Both
30
Are there any co-morbid symptoms associated with diarrhea when infection or inflammation develop?
Frequently nausea, vomiting, and cramping pain
31
What could prolonged diarrhea lead to? (4)
1. Dehydration 2. Electrolyte imbalance 3. Acidosis 4. Malnutrition
32
Large volume diarrhea is watery stool results from what? | What is it often related to?
Large volume diarrhea is watery stool results from increased secretions into intestine from the plasma It's often related to infection
33
What is limited re-absorption caused by during large volume diarrhea?
The reversal of normal carriers for sodium and/or glucose
34
Small volume diarrhea is often caused by what disease?
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
35
What could be inside the stool of small volume diarrhea? (3)
1. Blood 2. Mucus 3. Pus
36
Define tenesmus
Frequent urge to go #2
37
What sensations is small volume diarrhea accompanied by? (2)
1. Abdominal Cramps | 2. Tenesmus
38
Define Steatorrhea
Fatty Diarrhea
39
Describe Steatorrhea
1. Bulky 2. Greasy 3. Loose 4. Foul Odor
40
What type of syndromes cause steatorrhea? | Name two.
Malabsorption syndromes such as Celiac disease and cystic fibrosis
41
When a patient has steatorrhea, their abdomen is often _.
When a patient has steatorrhea, their abdomen is often DISTENDED.
42
When a patient has steatorrhea, how is their diet affected?
The presence interferes with digestion of other nutrients
43
When may blood be present in normal stools?
Diarrhea and constipation
44
What conditions may cause blood in stool?
Tumors or an inflammatory condition
45
What is Frank blood? | What is it usually from?
Frank blood is red blood | Usually from lesions in rectum or anal canal
46
When occult blood is present, how is it detected? | What may occult blood be caused by?
Detectable with a stool test. | May be caused by small bleeding ulcers
47
Describe Melena | What does it result from?
Dark, tarry-colored stool | May result from significant bleeding in upper digestive tract
48
What are 3 causes for gas?
1. From swallowed air, such as drinking from a straw 2. Bacterial action on food 3. Foods or alterations in motility
49
What are 5 things that excessive gas can cause?
1. Eructation 2. Borborygmus 3. Abdominal distention 4. Pain 5. Flatus
50
Define eructation
Burping
51
Define borborygmus
A rumbling or gurgling noise made by the movement of fluid and gas in the intestines.
52
What is the colloquial term for flatus
Fart
53
What is constipation?
Less frequent bowel movements than normal
54
How would a patient describe their stool while constipated?
Small, hard stools
55
Is constipation an acute or chronic problem?
Both
56
How does decreased peristalsis cause constipation?
By increasing the amount of time for reabsorption of fluid
57
Periods of constipation may alter with periods of _
Periods of constipation may alter with periods of DIARREHA
58
Chronic constipation can cause (3)
1. Hemorrhoids 2. Anal fissures 3. Diverticulitis
59
Age or illness can cause constipation by
Causing weakness of smooth muscle
60
Constipation can be caused by an inadequate amount of 2 things, what are they?
1. Dietary Fiber | 2. Fluid Intake
61
Constipation can be caused by a failure to respond to what reflex?
Defecation reflex
62
Taking which medications/drugs can cause constipation?
1. Drugs like opiates 2. Antacids 3. Iron medications
63
Obstructions caused what can cause constipation (2)
tumors or strictures
64
What unmentioned two things cause constipation?
1. Immobility | 2. Neurological disorders