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Pathophysiology: Digestive Disorders > Common Digestive Manifestations > Flashcards

Common Digestive Manifestations Flashcards

1
Q

May be signs of digestive disorders or other condition elsewhere in the body such as (7)

A
  1. Systemic Infection
  2. Uremia
  3. Emotional responses
  4. Motion sickness
  5. Pressure in the brain
  6. Overindulgence of food, drugs
  7. Pain
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2
Q

Anorexia mean ___
Anorexia often precedes (2)
Anorexia in conjunction with vomiting can cause serious complications such as (3)

A

Loss of appetite
Anorexia often precedes nausea and vomiting
Dehydration, acidosis, and malnutrition

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3
Q

The feeling of nausea is (2)

A

Unpleasant and subjective

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4
Q

What 3 digestive tracts issues could stimulate nausea?

A
  1. Distention
  2. Irritation
  3. Inflammation
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5
Q

Information acquired by your senses could also illicit nausea. Such as (3)

A
  1. Smells
  2. Visual images
  3. Pain
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6
Q

What can you put into your body that can illicit nausea? (2)

A
  1. Chemical Toxins

2. Drugs

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7
Q

Where in the brain is the vomiting center located? What does this area do?

A

In the medulla.

The medulla coordinates activities involved in vomiting and protects airway during vomiting

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8
Q

What is the other term for vomiting?

A

Emesis

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9
Q

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of _ from the _.

Sometimes includes _ from _.

A

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of CHYME from the STOMACH.
Sometimes includes BILE from INTESTINES.

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10
Q

The vomiting center could be activated by ___ or ___ in the digestive tract.

A

The vomiting center could be activated by DISTENTION or IRRITATION in the digestive tract.

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11
Q

The vomiting center is stimulated by various parts of the brain in response to (5)

A
  1. Unpleasant sights
  2. Unpleasant smells
  3. Ischemia
  4. Pain
  5. Stress
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12
Q

What part of the ear could activate the vomiting center?

A

The vestibular apparatus on the inner ear

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13
Q

What stimulates the vomiting activation center and causes projectile vomiting without previous nausea?

A

Increased intracranial pressure

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14
Q

The vomiting activation center is triggered by chemo-receptor trigger zones which are activated by

A

Drugs, toxins, and chemicals.

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15
Q

What type of inspiration is associated with a vomiting reflux?

A

Deep inspiration

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16
Q

The vomiting reflux causes the closing of __, the raising of the ___ ___, and ceasing of ___.

A

The vomiting reflux causes the closing of GLOTTIS, the raising of the SOFT PALATE, and ceasing of RESPIRATION

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17
Q

Ceasing respiration during a vomiting reflux minimizes the risk of ____.

A

Aspiration of vomitus into lungs

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18
Q

What relaxes during the vomiting reflux?

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter

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19
Q

What contracts during the vomiting reflux and what does that do the the gastric contents?

A

The abdominal muscles contract and force the gastric contents to move upward.

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20
Q

What are peristaltic waves and how do they act during the vomiting reflux?
What do they promote?

A

The are the waves that promote digestion in the small intestine.
During the vomiting reflux they work in reverse.
Promoting expulsion of stomach contents

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21
Q

What is vomitus called when there is blood in it?

A

Hematemesis

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22
Q

What does coffee ground vomitus indicate?

A

When a brown granular material is present in vomitus it indicates action of HCl on hemoglobin

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23
Q

What color vomitus indicates hemorrhage?

A

Bright red hemorrhage

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24
Q

Where does yellow or green-stained vomitus come from?

A

Bile from the duodenum

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25
Q

Recurrent vomiting of undigested food indicates a problem with _ or _.

A

Recurrent vomiting of undigested food indicates a problem with GASTRIC EMPTYING or INFECTION.

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26
Q

What type of disorder is bulimia?

A

An eating disorder

27
Q

Which structures does bulimia cause damage to, what are they caused by? (3)

A

Damage to structures of the GI tract caused by recurrent vomiting

  1. Oral Mucosa
  2. Teeth
  3. Esophagus
28
Q

What is diarrhea?

A

Excessive frequency of stools

Usually of loose or watery consistency

29
Q

Is diarrhea acute or chronic?

A

Both

30
Q

Are there any co-morbid symptoms associated with diarrhea when infection or inflammation develop?

A

Frequently nausea, vomiting, and cramping pain

31
Q

What could prolonged diarrhea lead to? (4)

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Electrolyte imbalance
  3. Acidosis
  4. Malnutrition
32
Q

Large volume diarrhea is watery stool results from what?

What is it often related to?

A

Large volume diarrhea is watery stool results from increased secretions into intestine from the plasma
It’s often related to infection

33
Q

What is limited re-absorption caused by during large volume diarrhea?

A

The reversal of normal carriers for sodium and/or glucose

34
Q

Small volume diarrhea is often caused by what disease?

A

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

35
Q

What could be inside the stool of small volume diarrhea? (3)

A
  1. Blood
  2. Mucus
  3. Pus
36
Q

Define tenesmus

A

Frequent urge to go #2

37
Q

What sensations is small volume diarrhea accompanied by? (2)

A
  1. Abdominal Cramps

2. Tenesmus

38
Q

Define Steatorrhea

A

Fatty Diarrhea

39
Q

Describe Steatorrhea

A
  1. Bulky
  2. Greasy
  3. Loose
  4. Foul Odor
40
Q

What type of syndromes cause steatorrhea?

Name two.

A

Malabsorption syndromes such as Celiac disease and cystic fibrosis

41
Q

When a patient has steatorrhea, their abdomen is often _.

A

When a patient has steatorrhea, their abdomen is often DISTENDED.

42
Q

When a patient has steatorrhea, how is their diet affected?

A

The presence interferes with digestion of other nutrients

43
Q

When may blood be present in normal stools?

A

Diarrhea and constipation

44
Q

What conditions may cause blood in stool?

A

Tumors or an inflammatory condition

45
Q

What is Frank blood?

What is it usually from?

A

Frank blood is red blood

Usually from lesions in rectum or anal canal

46
Q

When occult blood is present, how is it detected?

What may occult blood be caused by?

A

Detectable with a stool test.

May be caused by small bleeding ulcers

47
Q

Describe Melena

What does it result from?

A

Dark, tarry-colored stool

May result from significant bleeding in upper digestive tract

48
Q

What are 3 causes for gas?

A
  1. From swallowed air, such as drinking from a straw
  2. Bacterial action on food
  3. Foods or alterations in motility
49
Q

What are 5 things that excessive gas can cause?

A
  1. Eructation
  2. Borborygmus
  3. Abdominal distention
  4. Pain
  5. Flatus
50
Q

Define eructation

A

Burping

51
Q

Define borborygmus

A

A rumbling or gurgling noise made by the movement of fluid and gas in the intestines.

52
Q

What is the colloquial term for flatus

A

Fart

53
Q

What is constipation?

A

Less frequent bowel movements than normal

54
Q

How would a patient describe their stool while constipated?

A

Small, hard stools

55
Q

Is constipation an acute or chronic problem?

A

Both

56
Q

How does decreased peristalsis cause constipation?

A

By increasing the amount of time for reabsorption of fluid

57
Q

Periods of constipation may alter with periods of _

A

Periods of constipation may alter with periods of DIARREHA

58
Q

Chronic constipation can cause (3)

A
  1. Hemorrhoids
  2. Anal fissures
  3. Diverticulitis
59
Q

Age or illness can cause constipation by

A

Causing weakness of smooth muscle

60
Q

Constipation can be caused by an inadequate amount of 2 things, what are they?

A
  1. Dietary Fiber

2. Fluid Intake

61
Q

Constipation can be caused by a failure to respond to what reflex?

A

Defecation reflex

62
Q

Taking which medications/drugs can cause constipation?

A
  1. Drugs like opiates
  2. Antacids
  3. Iron medications
63
Q

Obstructions caused what can cause constipation (2)

A

tumors or strictures

64
Q

What unmentioned two things cause constipation?

A
  1. Immobility

2. Neurological disorders

Pathophysiology: Digestive Disorders (29 decks)

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