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COMMON CORE1 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space, classified as either an element or a compound

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2
Q

Solid matter

A

retains its original shape and volume when moved from one container to another

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3
Q

Liquid matter

A

will retain volume but not shape after being moved

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4
Q

Gas matter

A

will take on the shape and volume of any container

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5
Q

Volume

A

amount of space that an object or substance occupies

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6
Q

Mass

A

amount of matter that a body contains

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7
Q

Weight

A

a measurement of force caused by gravity on a unit of the earth

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8
Q

Gravity

A

a force that attracts objects toward the center of earth

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9
Q

Density

A

amount or quantity of mass per unit volume

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10
Q

Foce

A

total pressure acting on an object

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11
Q

Pressure

A

is force per unit of area measured in pounds per square inch (PSI)

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12
Q

Static Pressure

A

pressure in a confined space or not causing motion

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13
Q

Impact Pressure

A

pressure caused by motion

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14
Q

Relative Pressure

A

one pressure in relation to another

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15
Q

Absolute Pressure

A

the sum of atmospheric pressure and system pressure starting from the theoretical vacuum

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16
Q

Pascal’s Law

A

states that pressure applied to an enclosed or confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions without loss, and acts with equal force on all surfaces

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17
Q

Bernoulli’s Principle

A

States that whenever a stream of any fluid, has its velocity increased at a given point, the pressure of the stream at that point is less than the rest of the stream

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18
Q

Convergent Venturi Tube

A

will increase velocity and decrease pressure

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19
Q

Divergent Venturi Tube

A

will decrease velocity and increase pressure

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20
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

states that the volume of a given mass of gas varies inversely with pressure when the temperature remains constant

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21
Q

Charles’ Law

A

states that if the volume of a confined gas is constant, the pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature, or if the pressure is unchanged, the volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature

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22
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

law of inertia

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23
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

low of force and acceleration

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24
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

law of interaction

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25
Q

Heat

A

a form of energy produced by the motion of molecules and is known as kinetic energy

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26
Q

Measurements of Heat

A

British Thermal Unit (BTU) and Calorie

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27
Q

British Thermal Unit(BTU)

A

is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pint of water one degree on the Fahrenheit scale

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28
Q

Calorie

A

is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree on the Celsius scale

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29
Q

Methods of Heat Transfer

A

Conduction, Convection, Radiation

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30
Q

Conduction

A

is the transmission of heat from molecule to molecule

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31
Q

Convection

A

is the transfer of heat by means of currents in a fluid caused by uneven heating

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32
Q

Radiation

A

is the transfer of heat by means of high-speed particles of energy

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33
Q

Temperature

A

is the intensity of hotness or coldness of a mass measured in degrees

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34
Q

Measurements of Temperature

A

Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin, Rankine

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35
Q

Fahrenheit scale

A

32 degrees freezing point of water and 212 degrees as boiling point

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36
Q

Celsius scale

A

0 degrees freezing point of water and 100 degrees boiling point

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37
Q

Kelvin or Rankine

A

absolute temperature is measured from absolute zero on these scales

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38
Q

Atmosphere

A

known as the whole mass of air surrounding the earth, contains 78%nitrogen 21%oxygen 1%inertia

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39
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

is a column of air with a one square inch base area and a height equal to the height of the atmosphere will weigh 14.7 PSI. or 29.92inches of mercury on the barometic scale

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40
Q

Troposphere

A

the lower limit that contains weather conditions

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41
Q

Stratosphere

A

has an average temperature of -69.7 degrees F, provides the best conditions for jet aircraft flight.

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42
Q

Mesosphere

A

has conditions that do not allow for gas turbine engine operation due to lack of oxygen

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43
Q

Thermophere

A

is the electronically charged protection layer for the earth

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44
Q

Work is supplied to the machine

A

INPUT WORK

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45
Q

Work is exerted against friction

A

ENERGY IS EXPENDED

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46
Q

Output work is done by the machine

A

USEFUL WORK

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47
Q

The efficiency of a machine is measured by

A

the ratio of work output divided by work input

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48
Q

Two mechanical advantage categories

A

Lever and Inclined Plane

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49
Q

Flight controls, landing gear, engine control linkage, accessory gears, transmissions, and gas turbine engine are examples of:

A

Inclined Plane mechanical advantages

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50
Q

Hydraulics:

A

science that deals with the study of liquids in motion

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51
Q

Law that states pressure applied to an enclosed or confined fluid is transmitted equally, in all directions without loss

A

Pascal’s Law

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52
Q

What is the purpose of Hydraulics

A

to move mechanical components accurately and safely with ease

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53
Q

Components of the Hydromechanical System

A 
CRAP FSTR
Check valve
Relief valve
Actuating unit
Pump
Filter
Selector valve
Tubing
Reservoir
54
Q

Reservoir

A

contains the supply of fluid used by the system

55
Q

Filter

A

filters out contamination

56
Q

Pump

A

creates the flow of fluid

57
Q

Relief valve

A

relieves excessive system pressure

58
Q

Selector valve

A

directs the flow of fluid

59
Q

Actuating unit

A

converts fluid pressure to useful work(mechanical motion)

60
Q

Tubing

A

transports the fluid throughout the system

61
Q

Check valve

A

permits fluid to flow in one direction only

62
Q

Greatest Maintenance hazard associated with hydraulic systems

A

CONTAMINATION

63
Q

Two classes of contamination

A

Abrasive and non abrasive

64
Q

Origins of Contaminants

A

Originally contained in the system
Outside sources
Created within during operation
Foreign liquids

65
Q

Development of Gas Turbines history:

A

Hero of Alexandria, first jet machine “Aelipile” 150 B.C.

Giovanni Branca, 1629 turbine powered stamp mill

Ferdinand Verbiest, 1678 first steam jet horseless carriage

66
Q

Ram Jet:

A

an air breathing engine that compresses the incoming ram air pressure, adds heat energy, and converts heat energy to velocity to produce thrust. must have speed of 250 mph to ignite and sustain ops

67
Q

Pulsejet:

A

used as German robot bomb, or V-1 weapon, in 1941

68
Q

Turbojet:

A

first U.S. gas turbine built in 1902 at Cornell University. Jet flight propelled 27 AUG 1939 by Henkel Aircraft company

69
Q

Power:

A

the rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy

70
Q

Motion:

A

the act or process of changing place or position

71
Q

Velocity:

A

the rate of change of distance with respect to time in a given direction

72
Q

Constant Velocity:

A

the distance traveled per unit of time remains the same

73
Q

Acceleration:

A

the rate of change of velocity

74
Q

Energy:

A

the ability to do work or bring about changes in matter

75
Q

Inertia

A

property of a body that tends to resist a change in its state of rest or motion

76
Q

Jet Propulsion:

A

Propelling force generated in the direction opposite to the flow of a gas under pressure, which is escaping through on opening called a jet nozzel

77
Q

Standard Day:

A

Barometric pressure: 29.92 inches of mercury(14.7PSI @ sea level)
Humidity: 0%
Temperature: 59 degrees F
Wind Velocity: Zero

78
Q

Brayton Cycle

A

the name given to the thermodynamic cycle of a gas turbine engine to produce thrust

79
Q

4 continuous events in the Brayton Cycle

A

Intake Compression Combustion Exhaust

80
Q

Principles of Thrust

A

thrust is the driving force produced by a gas turbine engine, it is measured in pounds and obtained by accelerating a quantity of mass and expelling it rearward through a jet nozzle.

81
Q

Static Thrust

A

thrust produced when the aircraft or engine has no forward motion, all gas turbines are rated in static thrust under standard day condidtions

82
Q

Net Thrust

A

thrust available to power the aircraft in flight

83
Q

RPM

A

revolutions per minute, this affects thrust more than any other variable.

84
Q

increase RPM

A

increase mass airflow and increase thrust

85
Q

decrease RPM

A

decrease mass airflow and decrease thrust

86
Q

Atmospheric Variables

A

OAT(outside air temperature), Barometric Pressure, Humidity.

87
Q

OAT(outside air temperature)

A

increase OAT will reduce density and decrease thrust. decrease OAT will increase density and increase thrust

88
Q

Barometric Pressure

A

will decrease with any increase in altitude from sea level, and engine efficiency gradually declines. decreasing density and thrust

89
Q

Humidity

A

the amount of water vapor present in the air at any given time. humidity displaces air molecules, lowering air density. it has the least effect on thrust of all variables

90
Q

An increase in Humidity will

A

decrease density and decrease thrust

91
Q

A decrease in humidity will

A

increase density and increase thrust

92
Q

Turbojet

A

uses only the thrust developed within the the engine to produce its force, basic engine used in other designs.

93
Q

Turbofan

A

is a turbojet engine with a front fan

94
Q

Turboshaft

A

use extra stages of turbine wheels to drive reduction gearing to drive a rotating airfoil

95
Q

Turboprops

A

use extra stages of turbine wheels to drive reduction gearing to drive a propeller

96
Q

2 and 3 digit system prefix

A

PREFIX
X-experimental
Y-Restricted
No Prefix- testing is complete

97
Q

2 and 3 digit system part one

A

TYPE
J - Turbojet
TF - Turbofan (3digit is F only)
T - Turboshaft and Turboprop

98
Q

2 digit system: engine designation numbers

A

starting at 30 even numbers are Navy

starting at 31 odd numbers are Airforce

99
Q

3 digit system: engine designation numbers and Model Numbers

A

100 Air Force, 400 Navy, 700 Army

100
Q

2 digit system part three: Model Numbers(what branch uses it)

A

starting with 1 odd numbers are Air Force

starting with 2 even numbers are Navy

101
Q

2 and 3 digit system: suffix

A

used only when minor modifications are incorporated, represented by one letter(THE SUFFIX IS DROPPED WHEN THE NEXT MAJOR MOD IS INCORPORATED)

102
Q

Engine Section Breakdown: Front Frame

A

LOCATION: mounted to the front of the compressor.
PURPOSE: Welded steel ring forms the compressor front frames. Receives air from the aircraft air inlet and delivers it to the compressor.
COMPONENTS: Inlet Guide Vanes
AIRFLOW: Pre-swirls to prevent shock

103
Q

Engine Section Breakdown: Compressor

A

LOCATION: Between the front frame and the combustion section
PURPOSE: Supplies compressed air sufficient to meet the requirements of the combustion section and supplies bleed air
COMPONENTS: Casing, Rotors, Stators, Exit Guide Vanes, Diffuser
AIRFLOW: Pressure increases, Temperature increases, Velocity stabilizes

104
Q

Engine Section Breakdown: Combustion

A

LOCATION: Between the compressor section and the turbine section
PURPOSE: Burns the fuel air mixture adding heat energy to the mass air flow from the compressor to drive the turbine which drives the compressor and accessories
COMPONENTS: Casing, Combustion Chamber, Ignitors, Fuel Nozzles, Fuel Drain

105
Q

Engine Section Breakdown: Turbine

A

LOCATION: Between the combustion section and the exhaust section
PURPOSE: Extract energy from the expanding gases from the combust-ion section & convert them to shaft horsepower to drive the compressor and accessories
COMPONENTS: Casing, Turbine Nozzle, Turbine Blades, Disk, Shaft
AIRFLOW: Pressure decreases, Temperature decreases, Velocity increases

106
Q

Engine Section Breakdown: Exhaust

A

LOCATION: Aft of the turbine section
PURPOSE: Straighten & directs the hot gasses rearward creates a solid jet stream imparts a final boost in velocity
COMPONENTS: Casing, Inner, Cone, Struts, Tailpipe, Exhaust Nozzle
AIRFLOW: Pressure decreases, Temperature decreases, Velocity increases

107
Q

Engine Section Breakdown: Accessory

A

LOCATION: Front(near bottom) of compressor
PURPOSE: To change compressor rotor speeds to suitable drive speeds for engine accessories
COMPONENTS: Power takeoff shaft, Accessory gearbox
AIRFLOW: N/A

108
Q

Vanes

A

accommodate tubes to carry lubricating oil to and from the front main bearing

109
Q

Axial flow compressor

A

compresses the air in a direction that is parallel to the axis of the engine, has alternating series of airfoils(rotor blades) and stationary airfoils(stator vanes)

110
Q

Types of Axial Flow Compressors

A

Single Rotor(Solid-Spool) and Dual Rotor(Split-Spool)

111
Q

Types of Fuel Nozzles

A

Duplex(most widely used due to good spray) and Simplex(spray pattern limited in use)

112
Q

Types of Combustion Chambers

A

Annular(uses limited space to permit better mixing of fuel and air for more efficient combustion and Can-annular(individual chambers are places side by side to form a circle of cans inside a single casing)

113
Q

Turbine Blades:

A

extract the energy from the expanding gases and transmit it to the rotor disk….Impulse type- low thrust engines. Reaction type- medium thrust engines. Impulse type- high thrust engines

114
Q

IGVs(Inlet Guide Vanes)

A

are hollow to allow for hot air from the engine to ciculate through the vanes and Lube tubes to carry Lube to the front main bearing

115
Q

COMPRESSOR SECTION SUPPLIES BLEED AIR FOR:

A

Heating and air conditioning.
Cooling engine cavities
Anti icing
Cabin, Oil seal, Fuel cells and fuel transfer Pressurization

116
Q

Axial flow compressor:

A

compresses the air in a direction that is parallel to the axis of the engine

117
Q

Stator Vanes:

A

stationary airfoils

118
Q

Stator Assembly:

A

stationary vanes dove-tailed into split rings and mounted to the compressor casting

119
Q

Rotor Assembly:

A

Compressor Shaft, Disks, Blades.

120
Q

Compressor Blades:

A

are attached to the compressor disks by dovetail, bulb, or fir tree root. They are locked into place by Peening, Pins, Locking Wires, or Keys

121
Q

Exit Guide Vanes:

A

stationary vanes with fixed vane angle and may consist of one or more rows, which straighten air to eliminate turbulence

122
Q

Diffuser

A

forms the compressor rear frame.

highest point of pressure, and divergent in design which develops a pressure wall to prevent reverse flow.

123
Q

Single Rotor axial flow compressor

A

have all rotating blades on one rotor

124
Q

Dual Rotor axial flow compressor

A

Two rotors(spools) in one engine

125
Q

Fuel Nozzles:

A

Duplex- most widely used due to good spay pattern

Simplex- limited use

126
Q

Combustion chambers:

A

Annular– uses limited space to permit better mixing of fuel and air for more efficient combustion
Can-Annular– individual chambers are placed side by side to form a circle of cans inside a single casing

127
Q

chamber air flow

A

25% to support combustion 75% for cooling and flame control

128
Q

Turbine energy use is determined by:

A

compressor size, # of engine driven accessories, gearboxes to drive propellers, rotary airfoils driven by shafts.

129
Q

Nozzle Assemblies(same of compression stator vanes)

A

convert heat and pressure into velocity, direct gases to the turbine rotor blades at the most efficient angle.

130
Q

Turbine rotor assembly:

A

to convert velocity into mechanical (shaft horsepower) energy

131
Q

Turbine Blades:

A

impulse, reaction, impulse-reaction.

low, medium, high

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