Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Common Conditions, Management and Imaging > Common Conditions of the Head and Neck > Flashcards

Common Conditions of the Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the aetiology of infection headaches?

A

Presence of infection
Activated immune and supporting cells
Release of inflammatory mediators
Direct effect of microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the clinical features of infection headaches?

A

Temporal region
Relationship to onset of infection
Has either worsened or improved in relation to the infection
Fever, malaise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the aetiology of sinus related headaches?

A

Infection
Allergy
Predisposing factors for chronicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can sinus headaches be mistaken for?

A

Migraine or TTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the clinical features of sinus headaches?

A

Temporal relationship to onset of sinusitis
HA either worsened or improved in parallel with sinusitis
HA exacerbated by pressure applied over paranasal sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the aetiology of tension type headaches?

A

Peripheral and central mechanisms at play
Psychogenic component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do TTH need at least 2 of?

A

Bilateral
Pressing or tightening quality (non-pulsatile)
Mild to moderate intensity
No aggravation with routine PA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What must TTH not be accompanied by?

A

Nausea or vomiting
No more than one of either photophobia or phonophobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What structure are usually affected by TTH?

A

Pericranial: frontalis, temporalils, masseter, pterygoids, SCM, splenius, trapezius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the pathophysiology of migraine?

A

Often menstrual relationship
Vascular dysregulation
Spreading cortical depression
Neuronal sensitisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How long to migraines typically last?

A

4-72 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What symptoms do migraines bear at least 2 of?

A

Unilateral
Pulsating
Moderate to severe
Aggravation by PA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What symptoms are migraines associated with at least one of?

A

Nausea and/or vomiting
Phonophobia and photophobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What differentiates migraines with and without aura?

A

Focal neurological symptoms
Prodromal symptoms (begin hours or even 1-2 days before symptoms)
Postdrome symptoms (persist for up to 48 hours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the aetiology of cervicogenic headaches?

A

Convergence of cervical afferents and trigeminal sensory fibres in the trigeminocervical nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the pathophysiology of cervicogenic headaches?

A

Occipital region
Can radiate to parietal region, vertex of skull or behind the eye
Accompanied by dysfunction in the upper cervical segments (reduced ROM, tissue tenderness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the clinical features of cervicogenic headaches?

A

Typically unilateral
Relationship between onset of cervical disorder and HA
Reduced ROM
HA made worse by provocative manouevres
HA abolished following diagnostic blockage of cervical structure or nerve supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the aetiology of TMJ related headaches?

A

TMJ muscles of mastication and/or associated structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the pain generators of TMJ headaches?

A

Articular disc and joint capsule
Articular surfaces e.g. OA
Myofascial structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What clinical features must TMJ headaches have at least two of?

A

Relationship to onset of TMJ disorder
Aggravated by jaw motion, jaw function (e.g. jaw motion, etc.), and/or jaw parafunction (bruxism)
HA provoked on physical exam by temporalis muscle palpation and/or passive movement of the jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a CAD?

A

Tear in the carotid or vertebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the cause of pain in CAD?

A

Tunica adventitia is innervated with nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the aetiology of CAD?

A

Most are spontaneous 61%
Some are due to trauma 30%
Few associated with spine manipulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the risk factors for CAD?

A

History of cervical spine trauma
Recency of trauma: immediate > 5 days post trauma
HTN or other risk factors for CVD
Past history or family history of migraine
Relationship with cervical manipulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What clinical features must CAD have 2 of?
Sudden onset unilateral headache Affecting frontal, temporal, occipital or supraorbital regions Unilateral neck and facial pain Constant and severe pain (ache, throbbing, sharp) Unlike anything they have experienced previously
26
What are associated symptoms with CAD?
Horner's syndrome: cranial neuropathy e.g. hypoglossal Upper and lower limb neurological symptoms - weakness, ataxia Pulsating tinnitus
27
What are the viral agent aetiologies of meningitis?
Viral: echovirus, adenoviruses, coxsackiviruses, herpes, measles, mumps, HIV
28
What are the bacterial agent aetiologies of meningitis?
Meningococcal and pneumococcal species Babies: L streptococcal, E. coli, listeria
29
Which cranial nerves supply the meninges?
CNV - trigeminal CNX - vagus
30
What must meningitis headaches have at least two of?
HA related to onset of meningitis or encephalitis HA either worsened or improved in parallel to the meningitis or encephalitis
31
What is meningitis head pain like?
Either or both of: Holocranial Located in nuchal area and associated with neck stiffness
32
What symptoms are related to meningitis?
Fever, neck stiffness, light sensitivity and nausea/vomiting
33
What is the average age for cluster HA?
20-40 years
34
What are cluster HA classified as?
Trigeminal autonomic cephalgia Activation of hypothalamic grey matter seen in acute attacks
35
Are cluster HA unilateral or bilateral?
Strictly unilateral
36
What factors may provoke cluster HA?
May be provoked by alcohol, histamine or nitroglycerine
37
How long do cluster HA last and up to how many times a day?
15-180 minutes up to 8x per day
38
What are the clinical features of cluster HA?
1. Lacrimation or rhinorrhea Eyelid oedemaa, forehead or facial swelling Miosis and/or ptosis 2. Restlessness or agitation
39
What is the aetiology of cervical facet pain?
Traumatic or degenerative processes are usually involved
40
What are the traumatic processes of cervical facet pain?
Can be due to obvious trauma Fracture &/or dislocation injuries e.g. blood to head Whiplash
41
What are the trivial factors of cervical facet pain?
Repetitive, unaccustomed postures (gardening, painting) Sleeping on twisted neck for prolonged period of time
42
What is the mechanism of cervical facet pain?
Excessive compression of facets Excessive capsular ligament strain beyond the physiologic limit
43
What is the degenerative process of cervical facet pain?
Spinal osteoarthritis (spondylosis) is thought to affect intervertebral discs first Loss of disc height increased blood on facet joints These changes eventually lead to degenerative changes in the facets
44
What are the clinical features of cervical facet pain?
Localised unilateral tenderness on palpation of affected joint Reflex muscle spasm of paravertebral mm and myofascial tenderness Neck stiffness – ROM limitation due to pain +/- sensation of locking with certain movements Cervicogenic headache
45
How can discs cause pain?
IVDs can be a source of nociception even in the absence of involvement of nerve roots
46
What is the aetiology of cervical discogenic pain?
Acute disc injuries – younger populations Trauma e.g. whiplash, football, rugby, gymnastics Insidious onset of symptoms possible
47
What is the most common cause of cervical disc injuries in older population?
Degenerative processes at play Herniation less likely with advanced age
48
What are the classifications of cervical discogenic pain?
Normal Disc bulge Herniation (protrusion Sequestration
49
What are the clinical features of an annular fissure cervical disc injury?
Constant, deep-seated, dull or aching Cx pain Note: radiculopathy due to chemical irritation has been described Mediated by inflammatory cytokines and pain-inducing chemicals
50
What are the clinical features of herniation cervical disc pain?
Radiculopathy Myelopathy
51
What structures can be injured with non-specific neck pain?
Muscles Fascia Ligaments Joint capsules IVDs Bone
52
What are clinical features of cervical radiculopathy?
Myotomal weakness Dermatomal sensory loss Reflex changes Muscle wasting
53
What is cervical myelopathy?
A serious and disabling condition arising from cervical cord compression
54
What is the aetiology of cervical myelopathy?
Cervical spondylosis
55
What is the pathophysiology of cervical myelopathy?
Osteophyte encroachment in the central (+/- lateral) canal Disc calcification and loss of disc height Ligamentous buckling (LF) or ossification (PLL)
56
What are the clinical features of cervical myelopathy?
Hypersensitivity and clumsiness in the hands and feet “Tightness” in the legs Signs are initially subtle, but UMN signs predominate below the level of the lesion
57
What are the UMN signs that predominate below the level of the lesion in cervical myelopathy?
Hyperreflexia, clonus, Babinski Weakness, ataxia
58
What may the clinical picture of cervical myelopathy be complicated by?
Radiculopathy, if there is lateral canal stenosis at the level of the lesion Dorsal Column involvement Low back pain, leg pain
59
What are the grades of whiplash associated disorder?
Grade 0: No neck complaint, no physical signs Grade I: Neck complaint involving pain, stiffness or tenderness only, no physical signs Grade II: Neck complaint AND musculoskeletal signs Grade III: Neck complaint AND neurological signs Grade IV: Neck complaint AND fracture or dislocation
60
What are the clinical features of whiplash associated disorder?
Tinnitus, deafness Visual problems, dizziness TMJ pain, dysphagia Depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, memory loss
61
What is thoracic outlet syndrome?
It is an umbrella term that encompasses a group of disorders
62
What are the most common sites that the thoracic outlet structures might get entrapped in?
Rib 1 and clavicle Pectoralis minor Anterior scalenes
63
Where can pain from thoracic outlet present?
Usually upper limb, and may be reported in the head, neck, face and chest wall Remember, most patients present with a mixed clinical picture
64
What is the most common form of thoracic outlet?
Neurogenic
65
What are the clinical features of neurogenic thoracic outlet?
Pain: upper vs. lower roots? Paraesthesia Early fatiguability, dyscoordination Atrophy, weakness, intermittent cramping, paresis
66
What are the clinical features of arterial thoracic outlet?
Ischaemic pain, exertional fatigue Paraesthesia, coldness Pallor, skin changes Atrophy, weakness, cramping
67
What are the clinical features of venous thoracic outlet?
Pain, heaviness, fatigue Upper limb oedema (non-pitting) Cyanosis, ecchymosis Engorgement of superficial veins

Common Conditions, Management and Imaging (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions