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Week 120 > Common childhood illnesses > Flashcards

Common childhood illnesses Flashcards

1
Q

Flu-like symptoms - coryza, anorexia, low grade fever

Progresses to LRT signs e.g. increased RR, cough

Seen in which population most?

A

Bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways - affects under 2s most

Most commonly due to Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

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2
Q

Fever
Fussiness
Ear-pulling

A

Otitis media

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3
Q

Flu-like symptoms

Develops
Barking cough
Respiratory impairment if severe, including stridor

A

Croup:

  • inflammation of upper airways usually due to parainfluenze viruses 1-4
  • self-limiting usually in about a week
  • I respirratory problems, admit and give single dose of PO dexamethasone .15mg/kg, and paracetamol for fever/distress (ibup in above 612)
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4
Q

Flu-like symptoms including high fever.

Then red spots on tongue and inside of motuh which become painful oval yellow-grey ulcers w/ red edges, then rash develops ;on palms of hands, soles of feet, buttocks & raised and become blisters with grey centre.

Lymphadenopathy

A

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
caused by
COXSACKIEVIRUS A

  • summer / early autumn
  • usually self limiting around 1w-10d
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5
Q 
Tearing
Redness
Gritty feeling
Itching
Crusty eyelashes
A

Conjunctivitis

  • Self limiting - no ABx

Note bilateral suggests allergic

If pain in eyes, photophobia, visual change or intense rednes in one or both eyes, should go to GP

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6
Q

Often flu-like symptoms then 1-2 days later, a bright red rash on face, may also be on torso, arms or legs

Can also cause ReA, lymphadenopathy, diarrhoea

A

Fifth disease
Erythema infectiosum
Slapped cheek syndrome

PARVOVIRUS B19

Most infectious while with rash

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7
Q

Diarrhoea

A

Rotavirus

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8
Q

High and prolonged fever lasting over 5 days

Change to mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract e.g. chapped red lips, patchy rash

Change to limbs e.g. oedema, purpura

Bilateral conjunctivitis

Rash

Cervical lymphadenopathy

A

KAWASAKI DISEASE

Form of vasculitis, can cause damage to coronary arteries and so needs treatment.

Most common in 1-2 year olds.

Echo.

Treated with high dose aspirin (anti-inflammatory) and immunoglobulin. Note implications for measles and chicken pox vaccine (?6 months or 12 months wait)

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9
Q

Prodroma flu-like symptoms then

Erythematous pruritic macules which develop into papules and fluid-filed vesicles

A

Chickenpox

VARICELLA ZOSTER

  • paracetamoll
  • calamine lotion
  • lays dormant in dorsal root ganglia and recurs as shingles
  • foetal varicella syndrome (FSV) risk in first 28 weeks of pregnancy; scarring, eye defects like cataracts; shortened limbs; brain damage; prematurity
  • now vaccine availability
  • can cause compications in newborns, adults and pregnant women
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10
Q

Prodromal flu-like symptoms, swollen eyelids, watery eyes, photophobia, high fever (up to 40), small greyish white spots (called?), sore throat and coryza

Becomes:
Full body rash; small red-brown macular or papular rash, may joint to form blotchy patches. Often begins at ears and hairline, and spreads to rest of body. Often not itchy, but can be.

A

Measles

PARAMYXOVIRIDAE MORBILLIVIRUS

  • vaccine available so usually only affects unvaccinated; very rare if vaccinated
  • self limiting to around 2w but some develop pneumonia etc

The spots are called…
Koplik spots

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11
Q

Swollen glands between ear and jaw

A

Mumps

  • vaccine available
  • can be asymptomatic
  • associated with orchitis (swollen, red, hot testicle, +/- systemic symptoms)
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12
Q

Flu-like symptoms; low fever etc
Red-pink rash spreads from behind ears to head and neck and then to rest of body
Occipitial, pre-auricular and cervical lymphadenopathy common.

A

Rubella (german measles)

Caused by rubella virus which is a togavirus (rubivirus)

MMR prevention!

  • teratogenic in pregnant women before 20 weeks: CRS with high incidence of PFO; also cataracts, deafness, CNS disorders
  • can be asymptomatic
  • self limiting around 10d; supportive treament
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13
Q

Initial coryzal symptoms with low fever

Around a week later, very violent coughing bouts start causing breathlessness and noisy inhale.

Usually thick mucus production, coughing bouts last for a few minutes at a time. Strange noise on gasping.

Causes repeated coughing bouts that can last months at a time

A

Bordatella pertussis (whooping cough); gram-ve coccobacillus

  • DTaP vaccine lasts for a few years only
  • babies and young children get it worse
  • pregnant women get a booster with every pregnancy
  • acutely unwell +
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14
Q 
Headache
Fever
Stiff neck
Flu-like symptoms
Floppiness
Irritability
Non-blanching rash
A

Meningitis

IV ceftriaxone

IV cefotaxime + amoxicillin or ampicillin if

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15
Q 
Sore throat beyond a week
Coughing
Headache
Earache
Nausea
Lethargy
Odynophagia
Dysphagia
White, pus filled spots on tonsils or white coated tonsils
High fever
A

Strep throat (bacterial tonsillitis)

  • Supportive care; antibiotics (pen V) may not be given as dont change course of disease but have A/Es
  • Viruses can cause tonsilitis e.g. paraflu, flu, rhinovirus, EBV

Rarely can lead to rheumatic fever without treatment -> heart damage… but rare as vaccinated against

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16
Q

Initially sore strep throat, headache, high fever, flushed face and strawberry tongue.

Rough red blanching rash begins on chest and abdomen (looks like sunburn and feels like sandpaper) but spreads all over body

Usually cheeks become flushed but not rashed, and area around mouth stays quite pale.

May peel for several weeks after rash.

A

Scarlet fever

Caused by STREP PYOGENES (group A beta hemolytic streptococcus)

  • ANTIBIOTICS recommended: 10 day course of penicillin or amoxicillin; macrolide if allergic

ABx are to reduce compications; ear infection, throat abscess, sinusitis, pneumonia, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

  • Paracetamol, soft foods if sore throat, hydration, calamine lotion or antihistamine for itching

Social isolation for 24h after starting ABx

17
Q 
Usually begins a few days after a viral infection; 
persistent, effortless vomiting
drowsiness
rapid breathing
seizures
delirium
coma

Unknown cause but usually FOLLOWING ASPIRIN DURING A VIRAL ILLNESS

A

Reye’s syndrome

Serious liver abd brain damage due to damage to mitochondria

18
Q

Clusters of tiny blisters forming an ooze and golden crust

May affect skin around nose and mouth, or around trunk, depending on type

A

Impetigo

  • ABx: topical or PO
19
Q

Red scaly ring on skin or round patch of hair loss

A

Ringworm

FUNGUS!

20
Q

Circular rash at the site of the tick bite 3-30 days after bite (erythema migrans) -
looks like a bulls-eye on a dart board (“target shaped rash”). Size of rash varies but is typically around 15cm across. No rash in 1 in 3.

Some have fever
Chills
Body aches

A

Lyme disease

BORRELIA Burgdorferi BACTERIA

Test for antibodies against borrelia if no rash but symptomatic

Spread by tick bite.

  • Antibiotics - 14-21 day course of DOXYCYCLINE 100mg BD, or AMOXICILLIN 500mg TDS; for children, AMOXI
  • Also remove tick and kill!

Later symptoms, weeks months or years later if lyme is left untreated include:

  • Inflammatory arthritis
  • Nervous system problems
  • Heart problems (myocarditis, pericarditis, heart block, heart failure)
  • Meningitis
  • Post-infectious Lyme disease (like fibromyalgia)
21
Q 
High fever
Chills
Myalgia
Faigue
N&V
A

Flu

22
Q

May get sudden onset high fever with flu-like symptoms and coryza, diarrhoea, swollen e
N&V

Rosey pink spots surrounded by white haloes (not always) on neck and trunk develops as child systemically improves after rash appears.

A

Roseola infantum aka sixth disease

HHV 6

  • rest, paracetamol etc
  • latnt in macrophages and T lymphocytes so relapse

Can cause febrile seizures, leukopenia

23
Q

Bright red eruption 5-9 days ater exposure to amoxicillin or ampicillin

A

EBV

member of Herpes virus family

24
Q

Small pearly skin-colour dome-shaped papules.

Not painful & no other symptoms

A

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MSC)

POXVIRUS (molluscipoxvirus)

Most have around 20-30 spots. Can take months to go away completely.

25
Q

Abrupt onset of multiple skin “target lesions” - central dusky zone surrounded by inner ring of pale edema and outer ring of erythema

coldsores usually preceding by several days

A

Erythema multiforme

Hypersensitivity reaction usually triggered by HSV (coldsores usually)

Also HIV, CMV, adenovirus, HVZ, adverse effect ofdrugs

usuallly no treatment, just supportive care. corticosteroids in very severe cases.

26
Q 
Skin with:
Redness
Tenderness
Swelling
Warmth

Local to affected area

A

Cellulitis

  • Staph / strep often responsible
  • Flucloxacillin
27
Q

Warts

A

Small rough growths

VIRAL

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)

Some are associated with cancers e.g. cervical

28
Q

Shingles

A

VIRAL

Reactivation of VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS

  • chickenpox is the initial presentation of first infection, and then the virus may remain inative in nerve cells
  • old age, poor immune function

Rash occurring on one side of the body, not crossing the midline

Pain / tingling

Usually self limiting - 2-4w

29
Q

Hypo/hyperpigmentation of skin in patches

Rash

A

Pityriasis versicolor

Yeast grows out of control (FUNGUS)

Spaghetti and meatballs

Week 120 (3 decks)

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