Common Childhood Illnesses

Question 1

Emergency warning signs for respiratory complications in a child <3 months of age

Answer 1

• trouble breathing
• not eating
• vomiting
• fever 38.5 c or higher

Question 2

Emergency warning signs for respiratory complications in children of all ages

Answer 2

• breathing rapidly, working hard to breath
• blue lips
• coughing so bad they are choking or vomiting
• wakes up in the morning with either eyes stuck shut with dried yellow pus
• much sleepier than usual, doesn’t want to eat or play, very fussy and cannot be comforted

Question 3

hypotonic dehydration

Answer 3

electrolyte deficit exceeds water deficit

Question 4

hypertonic dehydration

Answer 4

loss of water, water deficit

Question 5

symptoms of dehydration in a child

Answer 5

• dark urine
• decreased urination
• headaches
• fatigue
• dry skin
• decreased skin turgor

Question 6

therapeutic management of dehydration

Answer 6

• oral fluid therapy ie. oral rehydration solution
• parenteral fluid therapy (NS)
• treat underlying cause of fluid loss

Question 7

chronic diarrhea definition

Answer 7

increase in stool freq. and increased water content in stool for a duration or more than 14 days

Question 8

therapeutic management for diarrhea

Answer 8

assess F&Es, rehydrate, maintain fluid therapy, reintroduction of an adequate diet

Question 9

vomiting therapeutic management

Answer 9

• detect and treat cause
• prevent complications (dehydration)
• provide fluids
• antiemetics in some cases

Question 10

DAILY maintenance fluid requirements (formula)

Answer 10

100/50/20

1st 10kg of body weight 100ml/kg/day
2nd 20kg of body weight 50ml/kg/day
Each kg over 20kg 20ml/kg/day

Question 11

HOURLY maintenance fluid requirements (formula)

Answer 11

4/2/1

1st 10kg of body weight 4ml/kg/hr
2nd 20kg of body weight 2ml/kg/hr
Each kg over 20kg 1ml/kg/hr

Question 12

How would you instruct to breastfeed their baby with a cleft lip

Answer 12

• soft breast tissue will often fill the opening creating enough suction
• if not, it will help to hold a finger on the cleft when baby is feeding
• swallowing noises and normal weight gain = bfeeding going well
• if baby is noisy while feeding; clicking, kissing noises, may not have enough suction

Question 13

how to instruct patient to bottle feed baby with cleft lip

Answer 13

• feeding may work better using special bottles or nipples with wider base
• when feeding, hold baby in slightly upright position
• touch the baby’s lower lip with nipple. when baby latches on, direct the nipple slightly downwards
• try to keep nipple in the center of the baby’s mouth, not up into the cleft.

Question 14

diagnosis criteria for juvenile type 1 DBM

Answer 14

fasting blood sugar test: 7mmol/L

random blood sugar test: 11mmol/L

Question 15

juvenile type 1 DBM therapeutic management

Answer 15

• diet and exercise
• insulin injections
• monitoring

Question 16

cerebral palsy def

Answer 16

a group of disorders of movement, muscle tone and posture associated w activity limitations and attributed to non progressive, permanent injury or malformation of the developing fetal, infant or young child’s brain

Question 17

what other neuro disorder do a significant number of children with CP have

Answer 17

epilepsy

Question 18

six attributes that require investigation (may identify CP)

Answer 18

-Early handedness in a child under 12 months
○ Stiffness or tightness in the legs between 6 and 12
months
○ Persistent fisting of the hands in children over 4
months
○ Persistent head-lag in a child over 4 months
○ Inability to sit without support in child over 9 months
○ Any asymmetry in posture or movement.

Question 19

therapeutic management of CP

Answer 19

rehab:
- PT
- OT
- SLP
pharmacological:
- treat pain related to spasms and seizures
- botulinum toxin A injections (BoNT-A)

neurosurgical
orthopedic (surgery)
dental hygiene
neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)

Question 20

what is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants and toddlers

Answer 20

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Question 21

what does (BoNT-A) do

Answer 21

effective for reducing
over-activity in muscles in children with cerebral palsy. This
results in a reduction in muscle strength and muscle tone with
small, short-lived gains in aspects of gait and function

Question 22

another term for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

Answer 22

pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy

Question 23

which gender does DMD occur in

Answer 23

male

Question 24

describe the nature of DMD

Answer 24

▷ Progressive muscular weakness, wasting,
and contractures
▷ Calf muscle hypertrophy in most patients
▷ Loss of independent ambulation by 12 years
of age
▷ Slowly progressive, generalized weakness
during teenage years
▷ Relentless progression until death from
respiratory or cardiac failure

Question 25

CMs of DMD

Answer 25

• Waddling gait
• Lordosis
• Frequent falls
• Gower sign
• Enlarged muscles (especially
  thighs and upper arms); feel
  unusually firm or woody on
  palpation

Question 26

what is gower sign

Answer 26

the child uses their hands to “walk up” from a sitting/squatting position

Question 27

do DMD patients face cognitive impairment

Answer 27

mild, ~20 iq points below normal

Question 28

complications of DMD

Answer 28

• Contracture deformities of hips, knees, and ankles
  ▷ Scoliosis
  ▷ Risk of fractures
  ▷ Respiratory and cardiac compromise
  ▷ Obesity

Question 29

whats the most common congenital heart disease

Answer 29

ventricular septal
defect (VSD).

Question 30

therapeutic management of influenza

Answer 30

• rest
  ● fluids, like water
  ● medication to reduce any fever or aches

Question 31

prevention of AOM

Answer 31

pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine

Question 32

Otitis Media: Nursing Care

Answer 32

Nursing care
○ Relieving pain
○ Facilitating drainage when possible
○ Preventing complications or recurrence
○ Educating the family in care of the child such
as:
○ Positioning. Have the child sit up, raise head on pillows, or
lie on unaffected ear.
○ Heat application. Apply heating pad or a warm hot water
bottle.
○ Healthy diet/fluid intake
○ Hygiene( hand washing)
○ Monitoring hearing loss.

Question 33

Bronchitis causes

Answer 33

▪ Viral infection
▪ Bacterial infection
▪ Physical or chemical agents that are breathed in such as dusts, allergens, and strong fumes,
including those from chemical cleaning compounds or tobacco smoke.

Question 34

Bronchitis CMs

Answer 34

▪ Cough.
▪ Production of mucus (sputum), which can be clear, white, yellowish-gray or green in
color — rarely, it may be streaked with blood.
▪ Fatigue.
▪ Shortness of breath.
▪ Slight fever and chills.

Question 35

Bronchitis Nursing Care

Answer 35

● Avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke
● Cough medicine
● Humidifying the air
● Increased fluid intake
● Pain relievers and fever reducers, such as acetaminophen
(Tylenol)
● Quitting smoking
Avoid antihistamines because they dry up the secretions and
can make the cough worse.
12

Question 36

General guidelines for Nursing care/respiratory conditions

Answer 36

○ Easing respiratory effort
○ Promoting rest
○ Promoting comfort
○ Reducing the spread of infection
○ Reducing temperature
○ Promoting hydration
○ Providing nutrition
○ Encouraging family support and home
care

Question 37

emergency warning signs of flu

Answer 37

▷ Fast breathing or trouble breathing
▷ Bluish lips or face
▷ Ribs pulling in with each breath
▷ Chest pain
▷ Severe muscle pain (child refuses to walk)
▷ Dehydration (no urine for 8 hours, dry mouth, no tears when crying)
▷ Not alert or interacting when awake
▷ Seizures
▷ Fever above 104°F
▷ In children less than 12 weeks, any fever
▷ Fever or cough that improve but then return or worsen
▷ Worsening of chronic medical conditions

Question 38

acute infectious diarreah =

Answer 38

gastroenteritis