Common Childhood Illnesses Flashcards
Emergency warning signs for respiratory complications in a child <3 months of age
- trouble breathing
- not eating
- vomiting
- fever 38.5 c or higher
Emergency warning signs for respiratory complications in children of all ages
- breathing rapidly, working hard to breath
- blue lips
- coughing so bad they are choking or vomiting
- wakes up in the morning with either eyes stuck shut with dried yellow pus
- much sleepier than usual, doesn’t want to eat or play, very fussy and cannot be comforted
hypotonic dehydration
electrolyte deficit exceeds water deficit
hypertonic dehydration
loss of water, water deficit
symptoms of dehydration in a child
- dark urine
- decreased urination
- headaches
- fatigue
- dry skin
- decreased skin turgor
therapeutic management of dehydration
- oral fluid therapy ie. oral rehydration solution
- parenteral fluid therapy (NS)
- treat underlying cause of fluid loss
chronic diarrhea definition
increase in stool freq. and increased water content in stool for a duration or more than 14 days
therapeutic management for diarrhea
assess F&Es, rehydrate, maintain fluid therapy, reintroduction of an adequate diet
vomiting therapeutic management
- detect and treat cause
- prevent complications (dehydration)
- provide fluids
- antiemetics in some cases
DAILY maintenance fluid requirements (formula)
100/50/20
1st 10kg of body weight 100ml/kg/day
2nd 20kg of body weight 50ml/kg/day
Each kg over 20kg 20ml/kg/day
HOURLY maintenance fluid requirements (formula)
4/2/1
1st 10kg of body weight 4ml/kg/hr
2nd 20kg of body weight 2ml/kg/hr
Each kg over 20kg 1ml/kg/hr
How would you instruct to breastfeed their baby with a cleft lip
- soft breast tissue will often fill the opening creating enough suction
- if not, it will help to hold a finger on the cleft when baby is feeding
- swallowing noises and normal weight gain = bfeeding going well
- if baby is noisy while feeding; clicking, kissing noises, may not have enough suction
how to instruct patient to bottle feed baby with cleft lip
- feeding may work better using special bottles or nipples with wider base
- when feeding, hold baby in slightly upright position
- touch the baby’s lower lip with nipple. when baby latches on, direct the nipple slightly downwards
- try to keep nipple in the center of the baby’s mouth, not up into the cleft.
diagnosis criteria for juvenile type 1 DBM
fasting blood sugar test: 7mmol/L
random blood sugar test: 11mmol/L
juvenile type 1 DBM therapeutic management
- diet and exercise
- insulin injections
- monitoring
cerebral palsy def
a group of disorders of movement, muscle tone and posture associated w activity limitations and attributed to non progressive, permanent injury or malformation of the developing fetal, infant or young child’s brain
what other neuro disorder do a significant number of children with CP have
epilepsy
six attributes that require investigation (may identify CP)
-Early handedness in a child under 12 months
○ Stiffness or tightness in the legs between 6 and 12
months
○ Persistent fisting of the hands in children over 4
months
○ Persistent head-lag in a child over 4 months
○ Inability to sit without support in child over 9 months
○ Any asymmetry in posture or movement.
therapeutic management of CP
rehab:
- PT
- OT
- SLP
pharmacological:
- treat pain related to spasms and seizures
- botulinum toxin A injections (BoNT-A)
neurosurgical
orthopedic (surgery)
dental hygiene
neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)
what is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants and toddlers
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
what does (BoNT-A) do
effective for reducing
over-activity in muscles in children with cerebral palsy. This
results in a reduction in muscle strength and muscle tone with
small, short-lived gains in aspects of gait and function
another term for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
which gender does DMD occur in
male
describe the nature of DMD
▷ Progressive muscular weakness, wasting,
and contractures
▷ Calf muscle hypertrophy in most patients
▷ Loss of independent ambulation by 12 years
of age
▷ Slowly progressive, generalized weakness
during teenage years
▷ Relentless progression until death from
respiratory or cardiac failure
CMs of DMD
- Waddling gait
- Lordosis
- Frequent falls
- Gower sign
- Enlarged muscles (especially
thighs and upper arms); feel
unusually firm or woody on
palpation
what is gower sign
the child uses their hands to “walk up” from a sitting/squatting position
do DMD patients face cognitive impairment
mild, ~20 iq points below normal
complications of DMD
- Contracture deformities of hips, knees, and ankles
▷ Scoliosis
▷ Risk of fractures
▷ Respiratory and cardiac compromise
▷ Obesity
whats the most common congenital heart disease
ventricular septal
defect (VSD).
therapeutic management of influenza
- rest
● fluids, like water
● medication to reduce any fever or aches
prevention of AOM
pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine
Otitis Media: Nursing Care
Nursing care
○ Relieving pain
○ Facilitating drainage when possible
○ Preventing complications or recurrence
○ Educating the family in care of the child such
as:
○ Positioning. Have the child sit up, raise head on pillows, or
lie on unaffected ear.
○ Heat application. Apply heating pad or a warm hot water
bottle.
○ Healthy diet/fluid intake
○ Hygiene( hand washing)
○ Monitoring hearing loss.
Bronchitis causes
▪ Viral infection
▪ Bacterial infection
▪ Physical or chemical agents that are breathed in such as dusts, allergens, and strong fumes,
including those from chemical cleaning compounds or tobacco smoke.
Bronchitis CMs
▪ Cough.
▪ Production of mucus (sputum), which can be clear, white, yellowish-gray or green in
color — rarely, it may be streaked with blood.
▪ Fatigue.
▪ Shortness of breath.
▪ Slight fever and chills.
Bronchitis Nursing Care
● Avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke
● Cough medicine
● Humidifying the air
● Increased fluid intake
● Pain relievers and fever reducers, such as acetaminophen
(Tylenol)
● Quitting smoking
Avoid antihistamines because they dry up the secretions and
can make the cough worse.
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General guidelines for Nursing care/respiratory conditions
○ Easing respiratory effort
○ Promoting rest
○ Promoting comfort
○ Reducing the spread of infection
○ Reducing temperature
○ Promoting hydration
○ Providing nutrition
○ Encouraging family support and home
care
emergency warning signs of flu
▷ Fast breathing or trouble breathing
▷ Bluish lips or face
▷ Ribs pulling in with each breath
▷ Chest pain
▷ Severe muscle pain (child refuses to walk)
▷ Dehydration (no urine for 8 hours, dry mouth, no tears when crying)
▷ Not alert or interacting when awake
▷ Seizures
▷ Fever above 104°F
▷ In children less than 12 weeks, any fever
▷ Fever or cough that improve but then return or worsen
▷ Worsening of chronic medical conditions
acute infectious diarreah =
gastroenteritis
