Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Common Causes > Common Causes > Flashcards

Common Causes Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal Blood Sugar

A

Insulin Dependant Diabetes (T1DM)
Non-insulin dependant diabetes (T2DM)
Poor Dietary intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Acute Central Chest Pain

A

Angina Pectoralis
Myocardial Infarction
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Acute Pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Acute Upper Respiratory Symptoms / Sore Throat

A 
Acute Pharyngitis
Acute Tonsilitis
Common Cold
Acute Rhino-Sinusitis
Peritonsillar Abscess
Glandular Fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Acute Breathlessness (Cardiac)

A 
Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Cardiac Tamponade
Arrhythmia
Acute Valvular Heart Disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chronic Breathlessness (Cardiac)

A 
Chronic Heart Failure
Coronary Artery Disease
Valvular Heart Disease
Constrictive Pericarditis
Pericardial Effusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acute Breathlessness (Non-Cardiac)

A 
Epiglottitis
Acute Bronchitis
Acute Asthmatic Attack
Pneumonia
ARDS (COVID-19)
Pneumothorax
PE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chronic Breathlessness (Non-Cardiac)

A 
Asthma
COPD
Pleural Effusion
Bronchiectasis
Lung Cancer
Interstitial Lung Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Central Chest Pain (Chronic)

A

Angina Pectoris
GORD
MSK
Anxiety / Panic Attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chronic Headache

A 
Migraine
Tension Headache
Cluster Headache
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Medication / Analgesic Headache
Sinustitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cough (+/- Wheeze)

A

Asthma

COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fatigue

A 
Non-Organic
- Psychological stress
- Depression
- Fibromyalgia
Haematological
- Anaemia
- Lymphoma
Endocrine
- DM
- Hypothyroidism
- Adrenal Insufficiency 
Infection
- TB
- HIV
- Infectious Mononucleosis
Sleep Apnoea
Malignancy
Congestive Cardiac Failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fever

A 
Acute Phase Response to Infection
Connective Tissue Disorders
- Polymyalgia Rheumatica
- SLE
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
Drug Interactions
Malignancies
- Haematological
- Solid Tumour (renal, liver, colon)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fluid and Electrolyte Abnormalities

A 
Diuretics
Acute Diarrhoea and Vomiting
Renal Failure
Cardiac Failure
SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH)
Medication 
- Anticonvulsants
- Antidepressants
- Psychotropics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Haemoptysis

A 
Viral or Bacterial Bronchitis
Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis
Pulmonary TB
LV Failure (Pink Frothy)
Bronchial Carcinoma (Deep Red Fleck)
Pulmonary Embolism (Deep Red Fleck)
Pneumococcal Pneumonia (Rusty)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Heart Murmurs

A 
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Infective Endocarditis
Myocardial Infarction with rupture of papillary muscles
Valve Prolapse
Calcific Degeneration
Congenital Bicuspid Valve
Congenital Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Dilation (Syphilis)
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Marfan's
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypercalcaemia

A 
Severe Dehydration
Medications
- Diuretics
- Lithium
Hyperparathyroidism
Dietary Supplements
Lung Disease (ACE?)
- TB
- Sarcoidosis
Cancer
- Lung
- Breast 
- Bony Metastases
- Multiple Myeloma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypocalcaemia

A

Malabsorption
Hypoparathyroidism
Chronic Renal Failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hypertension

A

Essential Hypertension
Renal Disease
Congestive Heart Failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Obesity

A 
Excess calorie intake
Inadequate exercise
Hypothyroidism
Cushing's Syndrome
Medication
- Anticonvulsants
- Antidepressants
- Antipsychotics
- Oral Corticosteroids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Generalised Oedema

A

Cardiac Failure
Renal Failure
Hypoalbuminaemia
Pretibial Myxoedema (Graves’ skin manifestation Hyperthyroid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Local Oedema

A

DVT
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Lymphoedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Palpitations

A

Sinus Tachycardia

  • Anxiety/Panic
  • Anaemia
  • Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroid)
  • Fever
  • Beta2 Agonists
  • Anticholinergics
  • Amphetamines

Extrasystoles
- Supraventricular Tachycardia (Wolff-Parkinson-White)

Atrial Arrhythmias

  • Ischaemic heart disease
  • Valvular Disease
  • HTN
  • Excess Alcohol

Ventricular Tachycardia

  • Previous MI
  • Cardiomyopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pleuritic Chest Pain

A

Pulmonary Embolism
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Proteinuria

A

Renal

  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Diabetes
  • Amyloidosis
  • SLE
  • Infection

Non-Renal

  • Fever
  • Burns
  • Severe HTN
  • Heart Failure

Transient

  • Vigorous Exercise
  • Febrile Illness
  • Cold Exposure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Acute Kidney Injury

A 
Pre-Renal (decreased bloodflow)
- Haemorrhage
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Severe Burns
- Distributive Shock
- Congestive Heart Failure
Renal
- Glomerulonephritis
- Nephrotoxins
- Acute Tubular Necrosis
- Rhabdomyelitis 
- Haemolysis
- Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Post-Renal 
- Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis)
- Prostatic Obstruction
- Trauma to the Ureters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Chronic Kidney Injury

A

Hypertension

Diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Swollen Painful Leg

A 
DVT
Trauma
Cellulitis
Thrombophlebitis
Compartment Syndrome
Ruptured Baker's Cyst
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Unexplained Weight Loss

A

Cancer
Chronic Infection
Malabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Abdominal Distension

A 
Obesity (Fat)
Obstruction (Flatus + Faeces)
Pseudo-Obstruction (Flatus)
Ascites (Fluid)
Distended Bladder (Fluid)
Pregnant
Bloating (functional)
IBS (functional)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Acute Abdominal Pain

A

Appendicitis
Gall Stone Disease
Pancreatitis
Peptic Ulcer Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Acute Joint Pain and Swelling

A 
Bursitis 
Tendinopathies
Septic Arthritis
Trauma (haemarthrosis)
Crystal Arthropathy (Gout, Pseudo-Gout)
Reactive Arthritis
Seronegative Spondyloarthritides
Bone Cancer
32
Q

Back Pain / Sciatica

A 
Mechanical Back Pain
Disc Herniation
Lumbar Spine Stenosis
Vertebral Trauma / Fracture
Spondyloarthritides (inflammatory)
Spinal Tumour
Spinal Infection
Spondylolisthesis
Cauda Equina
33
Q

Upper GI Bleeding (Haematemesis)

A 
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Gastritis (H.Pylori) 
Duodenitis
Malignancy
Mallory-Weiss Tear
Oesophageal Varices
34
Q

Lower GI Bleeding (Melaena)

A 
Diverticular Disease
Colorectal Cancer
Haemorrhoids
Perianal Disease
IBD
35
Q

Breast Lump

A 
Fibroadenoma
Fibrocystic Change
Breast Cancer
Breast Abscess
Fat Necrosis
36
Q

Diarrhoea

A 
IBS
Crohn's
Ulcerative Colitis
Bowel Cancer
Malabsorption
37
Q

Vomiting

A 
Gastritis (H.Pylori, Food Poisoning E.Coli etc)
Excessive Alcohol
Malabsorption
Stomach Cancer
Bowel Obstruction
38
Q

Chronic Abdominal Pain

A 
Biliary Colic
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Chronic Pancreatitis
Constipation 
Crohn's 
Ulcerative Colitis
Chronic Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Non-Ulcer Dyspepsia
IBS
39
Q

Vertigo

A 
Vestibular Neuronitis
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Meniere's Disease
Acoustic Neuroma
Drug Ototoxicity
Brainstem Disorder
40
Q

Dizziness

A 
Vasovagal Attack
Orthostatic Hypotensions
Bradyarrhythmia
Tachyarrhythmia
Hypoglycaemia
Partial Seizure
Migraine Variants
Hyperventilation
Anxiety
41
Q

Dysphagia

A 
GORD
Oesophageal Web
Malignant Stricture
Extrinsic Compression
Scleroderma (motility)
Achalasia (motility)
Myasthenia Gravis
Bulbar Palsy
42
Q

Dysuria

A

Lower UTI
Cystitis
Urethritis

43
Q

Haematuria

A 
Infection
Renal Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Renal Stones
Ureteric Stones
Goodpasture's Syndrome (anti-GBM)
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Trauma to kidney or urethra
Catheterisation (iatrogenic)
BPH
Prostate Cancer
44
Q

Ear Pain

A

Otitis Media
Otitis Externa
Mastoiditis

45
Q

Referred Ear Pain

A 
Tonsilitis
Dental Abscess (auriculo-temporal branch CNV)
Temporomandibular arthritis
Herpes / Ramsey Hunt syndrome (CNVII)
Carcinoma base of tongue (CNIX)
46
Q

Groin Swellings

A

Femoral Hernia
Inguinal Hernia
Lymphadenopathy

47
Q

Scrotal Swelling

A 
Inguinal Hernia
Hydrocoele 
Varicocoele
Testicular Tumour
Epididymal Cyst
48
Q

Scrotal Pain

A

Testicular Torsion
Epidymo-orchitis
Strangulated Hernia

49
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A 
Cerumen
Foreign Body
Infection
Otosclerosis
Congenital
50
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Congenital
Viral infection
Ototoxic drugs

51
Q

Hoarseness

A 
Acute Laryngitis
Acid Reflux
Allergies
Smoking
Vocal Overuse
Thyroid Problems
Benign Vocal cord cyst or polyp
Recurrent Laryngeal nerve injury
52
Q

Jaundice

A 
Pre-Hepatic (Haemolytic)
- Thalassemia 
- Sickle Cell
- Drugs and Toxins
Hepatocellular
- Viral Hepatitis
- Toxic Hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
Post-Hepatic (Obstructive)
- Gallstones
- Tumours of bile duct
- Pancreatitis
- Porta Hepatis Lymphadenopathy
53
Q

Limb Claudication

A

Peripheral arterial disease

54
Q

Lower Limb Disorder

A 
Soft Tissue Injury
Bony Injury
Nerve Injury
Vascular Injury
Tendon Injury
Nerve Compression
55
Q

Lump in the Neck

A 
Cervical Lymphadenopathy
Goitre 
Salivary Gland Disease
Branchial Cyst
Cystic Hygroma
Thyroglossal cyst
Epidermal Cyst
56
Q

Generalised Lymphadenopathy - 3 or more chains

A

Lymphoma
Leukaemia
Collagen Vascular Disorders
Systemic Infection

57
Q

Epistaxis

A 
Nasal Trauma
Rupture of mucosa to Kiesselbach's plexus
Allergic/Non-allergic Rhinitis
Sinusitis
Nasal Polyps
Deviated Septum
58
Q

Nasal Obstruction

A

Nasal Trauma
Sinusitis
Nasal Polyps
Deviated Septum

59
Q

Red Eye

A 
Acute Conjunctivitis
Acute Iritis
Corneal Abrasion
Acute Closed Angle Glaucoma
Trauma
Reactive Uveitis (Ank Spo)
60
Q

Shock

A

NACHO

Neurogenic
Anaphylactic (distributive)
Cardiogenic
- MI
- Arrhythmia
Hypovolaemic
- Haemorrhage
- Fluid Loss
Obstructive
- Tension Pneumothorax
- Cardiac Tamponade
61
Q

Upper Limb Disorders

A 
Adhesive Capsulitis
Medial Epicondylitis
Lateral Epicondylitis
Glenoid Labrum Tear
Dislocation
Biceps Tendon Rupture
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Erb's / Klumpke's
62
Q

Urinary Retention

A 
BPH
Urethral Stricture
Medication
- Anticholinergics
- TCAs
- CCBs
Parkinson's Disease
MS
Alzheimer's
Women
- Cystocoele
Pregnancy
Fibroid 
Ovarian Cyst
63
Q

Visual Loss

A 
Retinal Detachment
Optic Neuritis (MS)
Retinal Haemorrhage
Central Retina Vascular Occlusion (MI of eye)
Acute Narrow Angle Glaucoma.
64
Q

Right Lower Quadrant Pain

A 
Ectopic Pregnancy
Appendicitis
Caecal Volvulus/Obstruction
Inguinal Hernia (strangulated)
Constipation
Pelvic Inflammatory disease
Ovarian Torsion
Mittelschmerz 
Ruptured ovarian cyst
Mesenteric Adenitis (paeds)
Crohn's Disease (ileocaecal junction)
Renal Colic
65
Q

Left Lower Quadrant Pain

A 
Renal Colic
Ulcerative Colitis 
Crohn's 
Renal Colic
Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy
Strangulated Hernia
Diverticulitis
Mittelschmerz
Ruptured Ovarian Cyst
Ovarian Torsion
66
Q

Suprapubic Pain

A 
Acute Urinary Retention 
UTI
Ruptured Ectopic
Ruptured Ovarian Cyst
Acute Cystitis
67
Q

Central Abdominal Pain

A 
Early Appendicitis
Mesenteric Thrombosis
Pancreatitis
Aortic Aneurysm
Intestinal Obstruction
68
Q

Right Upper Quadrant Pain

A 
Right sided Pneumonia
Hepatitis
Congestive Hepatomegaly
Pyelonephritis
Gallstone Disease
Duodenal Ulcer
Appendicitis
69
Q

Left Upper Quadrant Pain

A 
Left sided Pneumonia
Gastric Ulcer
Ruptured Spleen
Pyelonephritis
Perforated Colon
70
Q

Epigastric Pain

A 
Peptic Ulcer
Gallstone Disease
Myocardial Infarction
Perforated Oesophagus
Pancreatitis
71
Q

Hepatomegaly

A 
INFECTIVE
- Glandular Fever
- Hepatitis
- Liver Abscess
- Malaria
- Leptospirosis
NEOPLASTIC
- Metastatic Tumours
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Myeloma
- Leukaemia
- Lymphoma
BILIARY
- Primary biliary cirrhosis
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
METABOLIC
- Haemochromatosis
- Porphyria
- Wilson's Disease
- Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver
DRUGS
- Alcohol Use Disorder
- Drug-induced
CONGENITAL
- Haemolytic Anaemia
- Polycystic Liver Disease
OTHER (AI)
- Sarcoidosis
72
Q

Abdominal Mass

A
  • Carcinoma Underlying Structure
  • Abscess
  • Pregnancy
  • Uterine Fibroids
  • IBD
  • Diverticular Disease
  • Herniation
  • AAA
  • Haematoma
73
Q

Constipation

A

Primary Constipation

  • Myopathy or Neuropathy of colonic smooth muscle
  • Behavioural disorder
  • IBS

Secondary

  • Metabolic
    - Hypercalcaemia
    - Hypokalaemia
    - Hypomagnesemia
    - Hypothyroidism
  • Medication
    - Opiates
    - CCB
    - Antipsychotics
  • Neurological
    - Parkinson’s Disease
    - Spinal Cord Lesions
    - Diabetic Neuropathy
  • Primary Disease of Colon
    - Stricture
    - Cancer
    - Anal Fissure
    - Proctitis
74
Q

Ascites

A

Portal Hypertension

  • Cirrhosis (1)
  • Congestive Heart Failure
  • Constrictive Pericarditis
  • Alcoholic Liver Disease
  • Fulminant Hepatitis
  • Subacute Hepatitis
  • Massive Liver Metastasis
  • Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Hypoalbuminaemia

  • Nephrotic Syndrome
  • Protein-losing eneteropathy

Peritoneal Disease

  • Infectious Peritonitis
  • Malignancy (3)
75
Q

Delirium

A

Drugs

  • Narcotics
  • Anticholinergics
  • Alcohol and Recreational
  • TCA overdose
  • Stimulant Overdose
  • Opiate Overdose
  • Corticosteroid Overdose
  • Analgesic Overdose
  • Cardiac Glycoside Overdose
  • Anti-PD drug overdose

Primary Neuro Injury

  • Stroke
  • Intracranial Bleed
  • Meningitis

Acute Illness

  • Infection (UTI, Pneumonia, sepsis)
  • Cardiac (MI)
  • Hypoxia
  • Shock
  • Dehydration
  • Fever
  • Constipation

Metabolic Abnormality

Surgery

Environmental

  • Physical Restraint
  • Catheters and invasive monitoring
  • ICU stay

Pain

Prolonged Sleep Deprivation

Drug Withdrawal

  • BDZ
  • Alcohol
76
Q

Abnormal Eating or Exercising Behaviour

A

Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge Eating Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder

77
Q

Addiction

A

Biopsychosocial Factors

Common Causes (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions