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Common Causes > Common Causes > Flashcards

Common Causes Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal Blood Sugar

A

Insulin Dependant Diabetes (T1DM)
Non-insulin dependant diabetes (T2DM)
Poor Dietary intake

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2
Q

Acute Central Chest Pain

A

Angina Pectoralis
Myocardial Infarction
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Acute Pericarditis

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3
Q

Acute Upper Respiratory Symptoms / Sore Throat

A 
Acute Pharyngitis
Acute Tonsilitis
Common Cold
Acute Rhino-Sinusitis
Peritonsillar Abscess
Glandular Fever
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4
Q

Acute Breathlessness (Cardiac)

A 
Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Cardiac Tamponade
Arrhythmia
Acute Valvular Heart Disease
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5
Q

Chronic Breathlessness (Cardiac)

A 
Chronic Heart Failure
Coronary Artery Disease
Valvular Heart Disease
Constrictive Pericarditis
Pericardial Effusion
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6
Q

Acute Breathlessness (Non-Cardiac)

A 
Epiglottitis
Acute Bronchitis
Acute Asthmatic Attack
Pneumonia
ARDS (COVID-19)
Pneumothorax
PE
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7
Q

Chronic Breathlessness (Non-Cardiac)

A 
Asthma
COPD
Pleural Effusion
Bronchiectasis
Lung Cancer
Interstitial Lung Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
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8
Q

Central Chest Pain (Chronic)

A

Angina Pectoris
GORD
MSK
Anxiety / Panic Attack

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9
Q

Chronic Headache

A 
Migraine
Tension Headache
Cluster Headache
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Medication / Analgesic Headache
Sinustitis
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10
Q

Cough (+/- Wheeze)

A

Asthma

COPD

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11
Q

Fatigue

A 
Non-Organic
- Psychological stress
- Depression
- Fibromyalgia
Haematological
- Anaemia
- Lymphoma
Endocrine
- DM
- Hypothyroidism
- Adrenal Insufficiency 
Infection
- TB
- HIV
- Infectious Mononucleosis
Sleep Apnoea
Malignancy
Congestive Cardiac Failure
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12
Q

Fever

A 
Acute Phase Response to Infection
Connective Tissue Disorders
- Polymyalgia Rheumatica
- SLE
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
Drug Interactions
Malignancies
- Haematological
- Solid Tumour (renal, liver, colon)
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13
Q

Fluid and Electrolyte Abnormalities

A 
Diuretics
Acute Diarrhoea and Vomiting
Renal Failure
Cardiac Failure
SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH)
Medication 
- Anticonvulsants
- Antidepressants
- Psychotropics
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14
Q

Haemoptysis

A 
Viral or Bacterial Bronchitis
Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis
Pulmonary TB
LV Failure (Pink Frothy)
Bronchial Carcinoma (Deep Red Fleck)
Pulmonary Embolism (Deep Red Fleck)
Pneumococcal Pneumonia (Rusty)
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15
Q

Heart Murmurs

A 
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Infective Endocarditis
Myocardial Infarction with rupture of papillary muscles
Valve Prolapse
Calcific Degeneration
Congenital Bicuspid Valve
Congenital Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Dilation (Syphilis)
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Marfan's
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16
Q

Hypercalcaemia

A 
Severe Dehydration
Medications
- Diuretics
- Lithium
Hyperparathyroidism
Dietary Supplements
Lung Disease (ACE?)
- TB
- Sarcoidosis
Cancer
- Lung
- Breast 
- Bony Metastases
- Multiple Myeloma
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17
Q

Hypocalcaemia

A

Malabsorption
Hypoparathyroidism
Chronic Renal Failure

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18
Q

Hypertension

A

Essential Hypertension
Renal Disease
Congestive Heart Failure

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19
Q

Obesity

A 
Excess calorie intake
Inadequate exercise
Hypothyroidism
Cushing's Syndrome
Medication
- Anticonvulsants
- Antidepressants
- Antipsychotics
- Oral Corticosteroids
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20
Q

Generalised Oedema

A

Cardiac Failure
Renal Failure
Hypoalbuminaemia
Pretibial Myxoedema (Graves’ skin manifestation Hyperthyroid)

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21
Q

Local Oedema

A

DVT
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Lymphoedema

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22
Q

Palpitations

A

Sinus Tachycardia

  • Anxiety/Panic
  • Anaemia
  • Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroid)
  • Fever
  • Beta2 Agonists
  • Anticholinergics
  • Amphetamines

Extrasystoles
- Supraventricular Tachycardia (Wolff-Parkinson-White)

Atrial Arrhythmias

  • Ischaemic heart disease
  • Valvular Disease
  • HTN
  • Excess Alcohol

Ventricular Tachycardia

  • Previous MI
  • Cardiomyopathy
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23
Q

Pleuritic Chest Pain

A

Pulmonary Embolism
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax

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24
Q

Proteinuria

A

Renal

  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Diabetes
  • Amyloidosis
  • SLE
  • Infection

Non-Renal

  • Fever
  • Burns
  • Severe HTN
  • Heart Failure

Transient

  • Vigorous Exercise
  • Febrile Illness
  • Cold Exposure
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25
Q

Acute Kidney Injury

A 
Pre-Renal (decreased bloodflow)
- Haemorrhage
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Severe Burns
- Distributive Shock
- Congestive Heart Failure
Renal
- Glomerulonephritis
- Nephrotoxins
- Acute Tubular Necrosis
- Rhabdomyelitis 
- Haemolysis
- Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Post-Renal 
- Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis)
- Prostatic Obstruction
- Trauma to the Ureters
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26
Q

Chronic Kidney Injury

A

Hypertension

Diabetes

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27
Q

Swollen Painful Leg

A 
DVT
Trauma
Cellulitis
Thrombophlebitis
Compartment Syndrome
Ruptured Baker's Cyst
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28
Q

Unexplained Weight Loss

A

Cancer
Chronic Infection
Malabsorption

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29
Q

Abdominal Distension

A 
Obesity (Fat)
Obstruction (Flatus + Faeces)
Pseudo-Obstruction (Flatus)
Ascites (Fluid)
Distended Bladder (Fluid)
Pregnant
Bloating (functional)
IBS (functional)
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30
Q

Acute Abdominal Pain

A

Appendicitis
Gall Stone Disease
Pancreatitis
Peptic Ulcer Disease

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31
Q

Acute Joint Pain and Swelling

A 
Bursitis 
Tendinopathies
Septic Arthritis
Trauma (haemarthrosis)
Crystal Arthropathy (Gout, Pseudo-Gout)
Reactive Arthritis
Seronegative Spondyloarthritides
Bone Cancer
32
Q

Back Pain / Sciatica

A 
Mechanical Back Pain
Disc Herniation
Lumbar Spine Stenosis
Vertebral Trauma / Fracture
Spondyloarthritides (inflammatory)
Spinal Tumour
Spinal Infection
Spondylolisthesis
Cauda Equina
33
Q

Upper GI Bleeding (Haematemesis)

A 
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Gastritis (H.Pylori) 
Duodenitis
Malignancy
Mallory-Weiss Tear
Oesophageal Varices
34
Q

Lower GI Bleeding (Melaena)

A 
Diverticular Disease
Colorectal Cancer
Haemorrhoids
Perianal Disease
IBD
35
Q

Breast Lump

A 
Fibroadenoma
Fibrocystic Change
Breast Cancer
Breast Abscess
Fat Necrosis
36
Q

Diarrhoea

A 
IBS
Crohn's
Ulcerative Colitis
Bowel Cancer
Malabsorption
37
Q

Vomiting

A 
Gastritis (H.Pylori, Food Poisoning E.Coli etc)
Excessive Alcohol
Malabsorption
Stomach Cancer
Bowel Obstruction
38
Q

Chronic Abdominal Pain

A 
Biliary Colic
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Chronic Pancreatitis
Constipation 
Crohn's 
Ulcerative Colitis
Chronic Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Non-Ulcer Dyspepsia
IBS
39
Q

Vertigo

A 
Vestibular Neuronitis
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Meniere's Disease
Acoustic Neuroma
Drug Ototoxicity
Brainstem Disorder
40
Q

Dizziness

A 
Vasovagal Attack
Orthostatic Hypotensions
Bradyarrhythmia
Tachyarrhythmia
Hypoglycaemia
Partial Seizure
Migraine Variants
Hyperventilation
Anxiety
41
Q

Dysphagia

A 
GORD
Oesophageal Web
Malignant Stricture
Extrinsic Compression
Scleroderma (motility)
Achalasia (motility)
Myasthenia Gravis
Bulbar Palsy
42
Q

Dysuria

A

Lower UTI
Cystitis
Urethritis

43
Q

Haematuria

A 
Infection
Renal Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Renal Stones
Ureteric Stones
Goodpasture's Syndrome (anti-GBM)
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Trauma to kidney or urethra
Catheterisation (iatrogenic)
BPH
Prostate Cancer
44
Q

Ear Pain

A

Otitis Media
Otitis Externa
Mastoiditis

45
Q

Referred Ear Pain

A 
Tonsilitis
Dental Abscess (auriculo-temporal branch CNV)
Temporomandibular arthritis
Herpes / Ramsey Hunt syndrome (CNVII)
Carcinoma base of tongue (CNIX)
46
Q

Groin Swellings

A

Femoral Hernia
Inguinal Hernia
Lymphadenopathy

47
Q

Scrotal Swelling

A 
Inguinal Hernia
Hydrocoele 
Varicocoele
Testicular Tumour
Epididymal Cyst
48
Q

Scrotal Pain

A

Testicular Torsion
Epidymo-orchitis
Strangulated Hernia

49
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A 
Cerumen
Foreign Body
Infection
Otosclerosis
Congenital
50
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Congenital
Viral infection
Ototoxic drugs

51
Q

Hoarseness

A 
Acute Laryngitis
Acid Reflux
Allergies
Smoking
Vocal Overuse
Thyroid Problems
Benign Vocal cord cyst or polyp
Recurrent Laryngeal nerve injury
52
Q

Jaundice

A 
Pre-Hepatic (Haemolytic)
- Thalassemia 
- Sickle Cell
- Drugs and Toxins
Hepatocellular
- Viral Hepatitis
- Toxic Hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
Post-Hepatic (Obstructive)
- Gallstones
- Tumours of bile duct
- Pancreatitis
- Porta Hepatis Lymphadenopathy
53
Q

Limb Claudication

A

Peripheral arterial disease

54
Q

Lower Limb Disorder

A 
Soft Tissue Injury
Bony Injury
Nerve Injury
Vascular Injury
Tendon Injury
Nerve Compression
55
Q

Lump in the Neck

A 
Cervical Lymphadenopathy
Goitre 
Salivary Gland Disease
Branchial Cyst
Cystic Hygroma
Thyroglossal cyst
Epidermal Cyst
56
Q

Generalised Lymphadenopathy - 3 or more chains

A

Lymphoma
Leukaemia
Collagen Vascular Disorders
Systemic Infection

57
Q

Epistaxis

A 
Nasal Trauma
Rupture of mucosa to Kiesselbach's plexus
Allergic/Non-allergic Rhinitis
Sinusitis
Nasal Polyps
Deviated Septum
58
Q

Nasal Obstruction

A

Nasal Trauma
Sinusitis
Nasal Polyps
Deviated Septum

59
Q

Red Eye

A 
Acute Conjunctivitis
Acute Iritis
Corneal Abrasion
Acute Closed Angle Glaucoma
Trauma
Reactive Uveitis (Ank Spo)
60
Q

Shock

A

NACHO

Neurogenic
Anaphylactic (distributive)
Cardiogenic
- MI
- Arrhythmia
Hypovolaemic
- Haemorrhage
- Fluid Loss
Obstructive
- Tension Pneumothorax
- Cardiac Tamponade
61
Q

Upper Limb Disorders

A 
Adhesive Capsulitis
Medial Epicondylitis
Lateral Epicondylitis
Glenoid Labrum Tear
Dislocation
Biceps Tendon Rupture
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Erb's / Klumpke's
62
Q

Urinary Retention

A 
BPH
Urethral Stricture
Medication
- Anticholinergics
- TCAs
- CCBs
Parkinson's Disease
MS
Alzheimer's
Women
- Cystocoele
Pregnancy
Fibroid 
Ovarian Cyst
63
Q

Visual Loss

A 
Retinal Detachment
Optic Neuritis (MS)
Retinal Haemorrhage
Central Retina Vascular Occlusion (MI of eye)
Acute Narrow Angle Glaucoma.
64
Q

Right Lower Quadrant Pain

A 
Ectopic Pregnancy
Appendicitis
Caecal Volvulus/Obstruction
Inguinal Hernia (strangulated)
Constipation
Pelvic Inflammatory disease
Ovarian Torsion
Mittelschmerz 
Ruptured ovarian cyst
Mesenteric Adenitis (paeds)
Crohn's Disease (ileocaecal junction)
Renal Colic
65
Q

Left Lower Quadrant Pain

A 
Renal Colic
Ulcerative Colitis 
Crohn's 
Renal Colic
Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy
Strangulated Hernia
Diverticulitis
Mittelschmerz
Ruptured Ovarian Cyst
Ovarian Torsion
66
Q

Suprapubic Pain

A 
Acute Urinary Retention 
UTI
Ruptured Ectopic
Ruptured Ovarian Cyst
Acute Cystitis
67
Q

Central Abdominal Pain

A 
Early Appendicitis
Mesenteric Thrombosis
Pancreatitis
Aortic Aneurysm
Intestinal Obstruction
68
Q

Right Upper Quadrant Pain

A 
Right sided Pneumonia
Hepatitis
Congestive Hepatomegaly
Pyelonephritis
Gallstone Disease
Duodenal Ulcer
Appendicitis
69
Q

Left Upper Quadrant Pain

A 
Left sided Pneumonia
Gastric Ulcer
Ruptured Spleen
Pyelonephritis
Perforated Colon
70
Q

Epigastric Pain

A 
Peptic Ulcer
Gallstone Disease
Myocardial Infarction
Perforated Oesophagus
Pancreatitis
71
Q

Hepatomegaly

A 
INFECTIVE
- Glandular Fever
- Hepatitis
- Liver Abscess
- Malaria
- Leptospirosis
NEOPLASTIC
- Metastatic Tumours
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Myeloma
- Leukaemia
- Lymphoma
BILIARY
- Primary biliary cirrhosis
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
METABOLIC
- Haemochromatosis
- Porphyria
- Wilson's Disease
- Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver
DRUGS
- Alcohol Use Disorder
- Drug-induced
CONGENITAL
- Haemolytic Anaemia
- Polycystic Liver Disease
OTHER (AI)
- Sarcoidosis
72
Q

Abdominal Mass

A
  • Carcinoma Underlying Structure
  • Abscess
  • Pregnancy
  • Uterine Fibroids
  • IBD
  • Diverticular Disease
  • Herniation
  • AAA
  • Haematoma
73
Q

Constipation

A

Primary Constipation

  • Myopathy or Neuropathy of colonic smooth muscle
  • Behavioural disorder
  • IBS

Secondary

  • Metabolic
    - Hypercalcaemia
    - Hypokalaemia
    - Hypomagnesemia
    - Hypothyroidism
  • Medication
    - Opiates
    - CCB
    - Antipsychotics
  • Neurological
    - Parkinson’s Disease
    - Spinal Cord Lesions
    - Diabetic Neuropathy
  • Primary Disease of Colon
    - Stricture
    - Cancer
    - Anal Fissure
    - Proctitis
74
Q

Ascites

A

Portal Hypertension

  • Cirrhosis (1)
  • Congestive Heart Failure
  • Constrictive Pericarditis
  • Alcoholic Liver Disease
  • Fulminant Hepatitis
  • Subacute Hepatitis
  • Massive Liver Metastasis
  • Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Hypoalbuminaemia

  • Nephrotic Syndrome
  • Protein-losing eneteropathy

Peritoneal Disease

  • Infectious Peritonitis
  • Malignancy (3)
75
Q

Delirium

A

Drugs

  • Narcotics
  • Anticholinergics
  • Alcohol and Recreational
  • TCA overdose
  • Stimulant Overdose
  • Opiate Overdose
  • Corticosteroid Overdose
  • Analgesic Overdose
  • Cardiac Glycoside Overdose
  • Anti-PD drug overdose

Primary Neuro Injury

  • Stroke
  • Intracranial Bleed
  • Meningitis

Acute Illness

  • Infection (UTI, Pneumonia, sepsis)
  • Cardiac (MI)
  • Hypoxia
  • Shock
  • Dehydration
  • Fever
  • Constipation

Metabolic Abnormality

Surgery

Environmental

  • Physical Restraint
  • Catheters and invasive monitoring
  • ICU stay

Pain

Prolonged Sleep Deprivation

Drug Withdrawal

  • BDZ
  • Alcohol
76
Q

Abnormal Eating or Exercising Behaviour

A

Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge Eating Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder

77
Q

Addiction

A

Biopsychosocial Factors

Common Causes (1 decks)

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