Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Applied Health Science > Common cardiovascular conditions > Flashcards

Common cardiovascular conditions Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cardiovascular disease? define?

A

Conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels
Type of Non-communicable Diseases (NCD) – typically caused by lifestyle choices.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

A

ischaemic heart disease

3% population of England

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

Heart disease Caused by impaired coronary blood flow

Most common cause of CAD is atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common cause of coronary artery disease?

A

Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the epidemiology of heart disease?

A
  • A slowdown in improvements in cardiovascular disease could cost £54billion in health and social care between 2020 and 2029
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What’s is the epidemiology of atherosclerosis?

A
  • Contributes to more mortality and serious morbidity than any other disorder in the western world
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What the three major complications of atherosclerosis?

A
  • Major complications:
    1. Coronary heart disease (Acute coronary syndromes, chronic ischaemic heart disease)
    2. Cerebrovascular disease – stroke
    3. Peripheral Arterial Disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the aetiology of atherosclerosis?

A
  • Chronic inflammatory condition affecting large and medium sized vessels (eg. Aorta, coronary arteries and large vessels supplying the brain).
  • Exact cause unknown with several predisposing risk factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What characterises atherosclerosis?

A
  • Characterised by hardening of the arteries due to the formation of fibrofatty legions in the intimacy lining.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

State the positive risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Age – men > 45 and women > 55 or premature menopause withough oestrogen replacement therapy
  2. Family history of premature CHD – coronary heart disease – myocardial infarction or sudden death before 55y in male first-degree relative or 65 year old women.
  3. Current cigarette smoking
  4. Hypertension - >140/90 mmHg or anti hypertensive medication
  5. Low HDL (high density) cholesterol - ,40mg/dL
    Diabetes mellitus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the negative risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A

High HDL (high density) cholesterol >60mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis

A

Response to injury hypothesis -> Incl. later modifications
1. Irritant
2. Endothelial dysfunction
3. LDL (low density) cholesterol in tunica intima (inner layer of blood vessel.
4. Monocytes differentiate into Macrophages which engulf the lipid deposit.
5. Macrophages kill themselves from eating too much lipids these turn into foam cells
6. Send signals to smooth muscle cells in tunica media – start to migrate towards tunica intima – lipid core increasing in size 
7. Body thinks we are trying to make bones so - Smooth muscle cells proliferation, deposit collagen and calcium and extra cellular matrix
8. Development of fibrous plaque with lipid core
9. Overtime this plaque builds up if the risk factors are still present so physically hardens the blood vessels to restrict blood flow and lead to myocardial infarction
Positive feedback loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Blocking of the blood vessels due to blood clots (due to fatty deposits), high blood pressure or smoking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the stages of development of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Normal artery – smooth muscle cells with even laters of adventitious, intima and endothelium layers,
  2. Fatty streak – macrophage foam cells
  3. Early at hero a – fibrous cap, lipid rich necrotic core
  4. Stabilised plaque – thick fibrous cap, small lipid pool
    4.Or volume table plaque – thin bib Rokus cap, Large necrotic core can lead to stabilised plaque or
  5. Thrombosis of the ruptured plaque with thrombus
  6. Lead to acute myocardial infarction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the causes of endothelial dysfunction?

A
  • Normal micro vascular wear and tear
  • Fibrinogen
  • Free radicals
  • Turbulent flow
  • Viral attack
  • Card on monoxide
  • Smoking
  • Hyperlipidaemia
  • Hypertension
  • Insulin resistance
    Diabetes mellitus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes turbulent flow?

A

-Atherosclerotic lesion often occur at artery intersections or cures
- Blood flow speed and direction changes creating turbulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the consequences of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Coronary heart disease
    Acute Coronary Syndromes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes coronary heart disease?

A

Impaired blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can coronary heart disease cause?

A

Can cause Angina, myocardial infarction Dysrhythmias, conduction defects, heart failure and sudden death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two types of atherosclerotic lesions?

A

Stable plaque

Unstable plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

WHat is stable plaque?

A

Type of atherosclerotic lesions
Obstructs blood flow (Thicker)
Associated with chronic ischaemic heart disease And stable angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is unstable plaque?

A

Type of atherosclerotic lesions
Can rupture causing platelet adhesion and thrombus formation
Associated with unstable angina and myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

State three acute coronary syndromes

A
  1. unstable angina
  2. Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (non - STEMI)
  3. ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is unstable angina?

A

Chest pain that is sudden and often gets worse in a short period of time

  • Prolonged symptoms of more than 20 minutes at rest
  • No serum markers for myocardial damage or ECG changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction?

A

Partial block age of one of the coronary arteries, causing reduced flow of oxygen-rich blood in the heart muscle.

  • Prolonged symptoms for longer than 20 minutes at rest
  • Serum marks for myocardial damage present – indicates severe ischaemic and damage to the myocardial tissues – ECG changes
26
Q

What is ST segment elevation myocardial infarction?

A
  • Acute myocardial infarction (blood vessel completely blocked)
  • Characterised by ischaemic death of myocardial tissue
  • Serum markers detectable
  • Area of infarct = vessel affected – 30/40% right coronary artery, 40-50% left anterior descending artery and 15-20% left circumflex artery
  • Sudden death from acute MI – death occurs within 1hr symptoms onset
  • Usually attributed to fatal dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation)
    Early hospitalisation greatly improves chances of survival
27
Q

What is chronic ischaemic heart disease?

A
  • Inability of coronary arteries to supply blood to meet the metabolic demands of the heart
  • Caused by impaired blood flow -> atherosclerosis.
28
Q

What are the three classifications of chronic ischeamic heart disease?

A
  1. chronic stable angina (fixed atherosclerotic obstruction and pain peripatetic by increased work demands on heart)
  2. Variant angina – spasms of coronary arteries or other dysfunctions
  3. Silent myocardial ischaemic – no symptoms occuring
29
Q

WHat are the risk factors for congenital heart disease?

A

Down syndrome, mother certain infections during pregnancy, certain medicines from mother, mother smoking or drinking during pregnancy, mother having type ½ diabete

30
Q

What is cerebrovascular disease?

A
  • Encompasses. Number of disorder involving vessels in cerebral circulation
  • Point at which blood flow is stopped so body cells not oxygenated die.
  • Blood vessels occlusions or rupture leading to focal or localised brain damage or global hypoxia-ischaemia that causes widespread brain injury
  • Most common area of stroke is middle cerebral artery
31
Q

Whats the epidemiology of strokes/ cerebrovascular disease?

A
  • Second leading cause of death worldwide
  • Risk increases with age
  • 12.2 million strokes worldwide each year – 6.5 million fatal
  • 65% under 60 years old
  • Expected top double burden by 2030
    Estimated to cost NHS between 4.6billion and 7billion per year
32
Q

What are the main vessels that supply the brain?

A
  • Arch of aorta
  • Common carotid artery
  • Vertebral artery
  • Middle cerebral artery (main area for stroke clot from heart up and lodged in this area)
33
Q

State the three clinical subgroups of stroke?

A
  1. Thrombotic stroke – blood clot (Thrombus) blocks flow to the brain (Central area of brain)
  2. Embolic stroke – fatty Plaque or blood clot (embolism) breaks away and flows to the break where it blocks an artery (middle/central area of brain)
    Cerebral haemorrhage – break in blood vessel (aneurysm) in brain (frontal area of brain)
34
Q

What is thrombotic stroke?

A

blood clot (Thrombus) blocks flow to the brain (Central area of brain

subgroup of stroke

35
Q

What is embolic stroke?

A

subgroup of stroke

fatty Plaque or blood clot (embolism) breaks away and flows to the break where it blocks an artery (middle/central area of brain)

36
Q

What is cerebral haemorrhage?

A

Subgroups of stroke

break in blood vessel (aneurysm) in brain (frontal area of brain)

37
Q

What is thrombosis?

A
  • Leaving cause of stroke
  • Gradual clogging of blood vessels
    Suggest or incremental
38
Q

What are two types of ischaemic stroke?

A

Stopping of oxygen flow to brain (87% all strokeS)
1. Thrombosis
2. Embolism

39
Q

What is an embolism?

A
  • Second major cause of stroke
  • Clot forms elsewhere in the body and breaks off – entering the brain circulatory system
  • Middle cerebral artery
  • Abnormal emboli from heart.

type of ischaemic stroke

40
Q

What is a haemorrhaging stroke?

A
  • Unclassified – aneurysm
  • Subarachnoid haemorrhage
  • Intracerebral haemorrhage
  • Deadly due to the pressure they can produce on vital parts of the brain
  • Poorly controlled blood pressure is a large risk factor
41
Q

What is a perinatal or childhood stroke?

A
  • 400 children/year
  • Week 20 of pregnancy to 28 days post birth – perineal stroke (clot from placenta to child’s brain or blood clotting disorder)
  • Childhood stroke – 28days post birth to 18 years (often existing condition and 50% are haemorrhagic)
42
Q

What are the risk factors for ischaemic stroke in children?

A
  • Congenital heart disease or acquired heart disease
  • Heart surgery
  • Sickle cell disease
  • Blood clotting disorders
  • Vascular disorders
  • Arterial dissection
  • Arteriovenous malformation
  • Aneurysm
  • Cavernous malformation or cavernoma
43
Q

What are the stoke subtypes?

A
  1. Large artery atherosclerotic disease
  2. Small vessel/ lacunae stroke
  3. Cardio genie embolism
  4. Cryptogenic stroke
  5. Other
    - Right hemisphere stroke
    - Left hemisphere stroke
44
Q

What are the common deficits caused by strokes?

A

Weakness or paralysis, loss of sensation, problems walking/ speaking difficulties with ADLs

45
Q

What is the ischaemic core?

A
  • Areas where blood flows is reduces o <15% normal
  • Inadequate supply of oxygen and glucose resulting in rapid depletion of energy stores
    Severe ischaemic – necrosis of neurons and cellular elements (glial cells)
46
Q

What is ischaemic penumbra?

A
  • Area where blood flow is reduced
  • Cells die if Reperfusion is not established
    They have collateral circulation allowing some perfusion around cells so cells can stay liable/alive
47
Q

What is a TIA? transient ischaemic attack?

A

Ischaemic brain attack with focal cerebral or retinal symptoms lasting less than 24hrs – usually less than an hour

warning sign! risk of having a worse stroke

48
Q

What is the epidemiology of transient ischaemic attack?

A
  • 15% all strokes heralded by TIA
  • Meta-analyses demonstrated the short-term risk of stroke after TIA 3-10% at 2 days and 9-17% at 90 days
    80% recurrent vascular events could be prevented through comprehensive multi factorial lifestyle strategy
49
Q

What is a peripheral arterial disease?

A
  • Obstruction of large arteries supplying body periphery
  • Atherosclerotic blockages of the lower extremities
    Causes acute or chronic ischaemic
50
Q

State some risk factors of peripheral arterial disease

A

age, smoking and diabetes mellitus

51
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of peripheral arterial disease?

In a progressive disease state

A
  • Pain and cramping with walking (particularly calf pain)
  • Tingling, aching, numbness in legs or feet
  • Strophic changes – thinning skin and subcutaneous fat
  • Cool foot
  • Popliteal pulse weak or absent
    Blanched limb colour when leaf elevated – gravitational effects on perfusion pressure
52
Q

What is some long term damage caused by peripheral arterial disease?

A

ischaemic pain at rest, ulceration and gangrene develop.

53
Q

what are the autonomic nervous system divisions?

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

54
Q

What are the three distinct pools of neurone?

A

gasometer
control centre
cardio inhibitory centre

55
Q

What is the autonomic regulation of cardiac function?

A
  • – sympathetic nerve fibres
    – originate in the reticular formation of the brain stem and inner age the SA and AV nodes and myocardium
    – vagus nerve
56
Q

What is the autonomic regulation of vascular function?

A
  • – sympathetic nerve fibres
    – blood vessels in state of tonic activity
    – vessel constriction and reaction controlled by altering basal input
57
Q

State the differen types of autonomic neurotransmitters

A
  • sympathetic neurone
    – norepinephrine and parasympathetic neurones
    – acetylcholine
58
Q

Explain dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system

A
  • Linked to cardiovascular disturbances including hypertension and stroke
  • Endothelial cells help control blood flow to all vessels via the release of vasodilators (nitric oxide) and constricting factors – working in conjunction with ANS function
  • Hamodynamic function can be assessed via an orthostatic challenge (assess central and peripheral blood pressure)
  • Reliable clinical indication of cardiovascular health and may predict future cardiovascular complications
59
Q

What effects do exercise and lifestyle modifications have on cardiovascular conditions?

A
  • Secondary prevention and rehabilitation
  • Exercise and drug interventions have similar mortality benefits so viable alternative To drug therapy
  • Improves physical logical and psychosocial health outcomes in minor stroke and TIA patients
    8 weeks of 2 exercise a week may reduces BP, improve blood lipid profile and aerobic fitness
60
Q

How can you detect the progression of atherosclerosis?

A
  • Can diagnosis atherosclerosis FMD to measure endothelial function and blood flow to check if this blood flow is ‘normal ’
  • PWC – change of velocity of blood
  • PWA -glorified automatic blood pressure – calculating central blood pressure

Applied Health Science (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions