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Infectious Diseases > Common Bacterial Pathogens > Flashcards

Common Bacterial Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylcoccus

A

Gram (+)

Catalase (+)

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2
Q

S. Aureus

A

Gram (+)
Coagulase (+)
Staphylococcus

Causes:
Skin and soft tissue infection, Osteomyelitis, Pneumonia, Endocarditis, Septic arthritis, Bacteremia

Check if susceptible or resistant to Methicillin (MRSA)

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3
Q

S. Epidermidis

A

Gram (+)
Coagulase (-)
Staphylococcus

Normal to skin flora

Can cause clinical disease in immunocompromised hosts or those with prosthetic devices.

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4
Q

S. Saprophyticus

A

Gram (+)
Coagulase (-)
Staphylococcus

Found in urine cultures from urinary tract infections from sexually active women.

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5
Q

Streptococcus

A

Catalase (-)

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6
Q

α-hemolytic

A

Partial lysing fo RBCs

S. pneumoniae
S. viridans group

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7
Q

β-hemolytic

A

Complete lysing of RBCs

S. pyrogenes (Group A)
S. agalactiae (Group B)
Group C, F, G

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8
Q

γ-hemolytic

A

Non-hemolytic, inability to lyse RBCs

S. bovis (Group D)
Enterococcus (E. faecalis, E. faecium)

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9
Q

S. Pneumoniae

A

Gram (+)
α-hemolytic
Streptococcus

Virulence is encapsulated with polysaccharides (protected from phagocytosis)- basis for PPSV23 and PCV13

Causes: Pneumonia, Meningitis

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10
Q

S. viridans

A

Gram (+)
α-hemolytic
Streptococcus

Found in intestinal tract, oral cavity and upper respiratory tract.

Causes: Dental caries, tooth infections
Endocarditis and bacteremia (if it enters the bloodstream during dental procedures)

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11
Q

S. pyogenes

A

Gram (+)
β-hemolytic
Streptococcus
Lancefield Group A

Causes: Strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis)
Skin infections (cellulitis, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis
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12
Q

S. agalactiae

A

Gram (+)
β-hemolytic
Streptococcus
Lancefield Group B

Causes: Neonatal menignitis, pneumonia, sepsis (if transmitted during birth)

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13
Q

S. bovis

A

Gram (+)
γ-hemolytic
Streptococcus

found in an intestinal organism

Can cause: Sepsis (when found in blood), Endocarditis
Associated with colon cancer

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14
Q

E. faecalis

A

Gram (+)
γ-hemolytic
Enterococcus

Most common Enterococcus

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15
Q

E. faecium

A

Gram (+)
γ-hemolytic
Enterococcus

Associated with more antibiotic resistance, particularly to vancomycin

can be VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococcus)

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16
Q

Peptostreptococci

A

Gram (+)
Anaerobic

Normal flora of the mouth, upper respiratory tract, GI tract and female genital tract.

Involved in polymicrobial infections. Often causes foul smelling pus contained in an abscess.

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17
Q

C. diphtheriae

A

Gram (+) bacilli

Causes: diphtheria by releasing toxins.

Tdap vaccine has made diphtheria almost non existent.

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18
Q

Mycobacteria

A

Gram (+) bacilli

Causes: tuberculosis and leprosy

M. avium is associated with HIV (prophylaxis is utilized)

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19
Q

Cutibacterium acnes

A

Gram (+) bacilli

common cause of acne, can also cause osteomyelitis in people with prosthetics (mostly in hip or shoulder.

20
Q

Lactobacillus spp.

A

Gram (+) bacilli

Normal flora in the GI tract and vaginal tract.

21
Q

Streptomyces

A

Gram (+) bacilli
Actinobacterium

Largest produces of antibiotics (Neomycin, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Bleomycin)
Rarely causes disease in humans

22
Q

Clostridiodes difficile (C.diff)

A

Gram (+)
Spore forming
Anaerobic

Causes: pseudomembranous colitis (diarrhea)
C. diff infection is a consequence of the overuse of broad spectrum antibiotics.

23
Q

Clostridium

A

Gram (+)
Spore forming
Anaerobic

C. botulinum - causes botulism
C. tetani - causes tetanus (component of Tdap)
C. perfringens - causes gas gangrene.

24
Q

Enterobacteriaceae

A

Gram (-) rods/bacilli (GNR)
Normal to the flora of the GI tract

PEK:
Proteus (P. mirabilis)
Escherichia (E. coli)
Klebsiella

Not normal:
Salmonella
Shigella

25
Q

ESKAPE organisms

A 
Enterococcus faceium
S. aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acinetobacter baumannii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
Enterobacter spp.

Infections often encountered in the hospital and community settings

26
Q

Proteus (P. mirabilis)

A

Gram (-) GNR
Enterobacteriaceae

Normal flora to GI tract

Causes: UTIs, bacteremia, pneumonia

27
Q

Escherichia (E. coli)

A

Gram (-) GNR
Enterobacteriaceae

Normal GI flora

Causes: urinary, biliary, GI or GU infections

Can cause infections at certain locations: blood, prostate, lung, bone and meninges

28
Q

Klebsiella

A

Gram (-) GNR
Enterobacteriaceae

Normal respiratory and GI tract flora (small %)

KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) causes resistant to most beta lactams

Causes: Pneumonia, sepsis, UTIs, intra-abdominal infections

29
Q

Salmonella

A

Gram (-) GNR
Enterobacteriaceae

Transmitted from animals to humans through fecal-oral route

NOT considered normal flora

Causes: diarrhea, Enteritis, enteric fever (typhoid fever), bacteremia.

30
Q

Shigella

A

Gram (-) GNR
Enterobacteriaceae

infections are almost always limited to the GI tract.

NOT considered normal flora

Causes: diarrhea, affects the CNS

31
Q

Non-Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli

A

Gram (-) GNR

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA)

Acinetobacter (A. baumanii)

32
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Gram (-) GNR
Non-Fermenting

Distinctive sweet smell

Causes : BE PSEUDo: Burns, Endocarditis, Pneumonia, Sepsis, External otitis media, UTI, Diabetic osteomyelitis

33
Q

Acinetobacter (A. baumanii)

A

Gram (-) GNR
Non-Fermenting

Multidrug resistant organism (MDRO)

Resistant to carbapenems

Causes: UTI, bacteremia, pneumonia, wound infection, infections of implantable devices (IV catheters)

34
Q

Anaerobic Gram Negative Bacilli

A

Bacteroides

Gram (-) GNR
Normal to GI flora
Abscess formation

Below the diaphragm anaerobe

35
Q

Bacteroides (B. fragilis)

A

Gram (-) GNR
Anaerobic

Causes: Intra-abdominal infections, wound infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian abscess, bacteremia

36
Q

Gram negative Cocco-bacilli

A

Gram (-)
Cocco-bacilli

Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae)

Moraxella catarrhalis

37
Q

H. Influenzae

A

Gram (-)
Cocco-bacilli

Found on mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract (common respiratory flora)

Does NOT cause influenzae (virus)

Causes: respiratory tract infections, otitis media, acute sinusitis

Hib vaccine is given to prevent H. influenzae type b meningitis in children.

38
Q

Moraxella

A

Gram (-)
Cocco-bacilli

Normal flora to the respiratory tract

Causes: sinusitis, bronchitis, otitis media and pneumonia

39
Q

Gram Negative Diplococci

A

Gram (-)
Diplococci

N. gonorrhoeae
N. meningitidis

40
Q

N. gonorrhoeae

A

Gram (-)
Diplococci

Sexually transmitted, infections occur in genitourinary tract, eye, rectum and throat

41
Q

N. meningitidis

A

Gram (-)
Diplococci

Causes meningitis (after bloodstream infection) Spread through respiratory droplets

2 vaccines: meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine and meningococcal conjugate vaccine

42
Q

Atypical bacteria

A

They do not grow on normal media or do not stain by normal gram stain methods

Legionella pneumophilia
Mycoplasma (M. pneumoniae)
Chlamydia

43
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

A

Gram (-)
Aerobic

Causes Legionnaires pneumonia (from inhaling contaminated water droplets)

Also causes pneumonia and Pontiac Fever

Legionella becomes intracellular (antibiotics must have adequate intracellular concentration)

44
Q

Mycoplasma

A

Lacks a cell wall.

Causes mild forms of respiratory infections (walking pneumonia). Occurs with significant lag time (2-3 weeks)

Symptoms: fever, sore throat, malaise and dry hacking cough

45
Q

Chlamydia

A

C. trachomatis causes the STD

C. psittaci is carried by birds can cause pneumonia in humans

C. pneumoniae causes community acquired pneumonia in young adults.

Infectious Diseases (6 decks)

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