COMM FInal

Question 1

Logos

Answer 1

An appeal to logic
using arguments that are
proof and
evidence

Question 2

Claims

Answer 2

: Propositions of Fact, Value, or Policy

Question 3

What is a claim backed by

Answer 3

Data

Question 4

What is data backed by

Answer 4

Assumptions/Reasoning

Question 5

Deductive reasoning

Answer 5

1. Theory
2. Hypothesis
3. Pattern
4. Observation

Question 6

Inductive reasoning

Answer 6

1. Observation
2. Pattern
3. Hypothesis
   4 Theory

Question 7

Affirming the Antecedent

Answer 7

Premise #1: If A , then
B
Premise #2: A
Conclusion: Therefore,
B
Premise #1: If it is a
Yorkie, then it is a dog.
Premise #2: It is a
Yorkie
Conclusion: Therefore, it
is a dog.

Question 8

DENYING THE
CONSEQUENT

Answer 8

Premise #1: If A (Cause),
then B (Result)
Premise #2: NOT B
(Result)
Conclusion: Therefore,
not A (Cause)

Premise #1: If burglars entered by
the front door, then they forced the
lock.
Premise #2: Burglars did not force
the lock.
Conclusion: Therefore, they did not
enter by the front door.

Question 9

DISJUNCTIVE
SYLLOGISM

Answer 9

Premise #1: Either A or B
Premise #2: NOT A
Conclusion: Therefore, B

Premise #1: Either it is red,
or it is blue.
Premise #2: It is not red
Conclusion: Therefore, it is
blue

Question 10

APPLYING A
GENERALIZATION

Answer 10

Premise #1: Every member of F
is a member of G.
Premise #2: Individual case X is a
member of F.
Conclusion: Therefore, X is a
member of G

Question 11

APPLYING AN
EXCEPTION

Answer 11

Premise #1: Every member of F
is a member of G.
Premise #2: Individual case X is
NOT a member of G.
Conclusion: Therefore, X is NOT
a member of F

Question 12

Transitivity

Answer 12

If x=y, and y=z,
then x=z

Alex is a law student.
Law students are critical
thinkers.
Alex is a critical thinker.

Question 13

Reflexivity

Answer 13

If x=y, then y=x

If Jim is a coworker of
Pam, then Pam is a
coworker of Jim.

Question 14

Fallacy

Answer 14

Deceptive arguments that appear logical but fall apart with
logical reasoning

Question 15

Appeals to ignorance

Answer 15

A person concludes that
something is true simply on
the grounds that they cannot
prove it to be false

Question 16

Appeals to mob

Answer 16

Since others are doing it, or
think it is correct, you too should
do it

Question 17

Appeals to emotion

Answer 17

Reliance on an emotional response
as the best guide for forming
judgement, without using logical
means

Question 18

Ad hominem attack

Answer 18

Personally attacking an
individual, rather than their
ideas (Verbal aggression
instead of
argumentativeness)

Question 19

Straw hat fallacy

Answer 19

Distorting the opposition’s
argument or attacking an argument
they did not make.

Question 20

Playing with words

Answer 20

Exploits problematic
vagueness, ambiguity,
stereotyping, and slanted
language

Question 21

Misuse of authority

Answer 21

Believe a claim
because a powerful
or respected person
says so

Question 22

Ethos

Answer 22

A receiver’s attitude toward a source at a particular
time.

Question 23

Character (ethos dimension)

Answer 23

Integrity, honesty, goodness

Question 24

Competence (ethos dimension)

Answer 24

Intelligence, knowledge, expertise, and background

Question 25

Caring (ethos dimension)

Answer 25

Concern or others, empathy, consideration

Question 26

Three types of ethos credibility

Answer 26

Before, During, After

Question 27

Inital ethos

Answer 27

Background
* Experience,
education,
reputation

Characteristics
* Attractiveness,
gender, race

Sponsorship
* Support or
endorsement
from another

Question 28

Derived ethos

Answer 28

Rhetorical
Choices
* Evidence,
organization,
delivery

Humor
* ↑ Ethos with
more humor

Common
Ground
* ↑ Ethos

Fear
* Depending
on amount of
fear used

Question 29

Out of ethos, logos, and pathos, what (eventually)
persuades the most?

Answer 29

Logos

Question 30

5 things of ethos and power

Answer 30

Coercive(punisment)
Reward(Benefits)
Legitmate(positon)
Competence(knowledge)
Referent(relationship)