COMM FInal Flashcards
Logos
An appeal to logic
using arguments that are
proof and
evidence
Claims
: Propositions of Fact, Value, or Policy
What is a claim backed by
Data
What is data backed by
Assumptions/Reasoning
Deductive reasoning
- Theory
- Hypothesis
- Pattern
- Observation
Inductive reasoning
- Observation
- Pattern
- Hypothesis
4 Theory
Affirming the Antecedent
Premise #1: If A , then
B
Premise #2: A
Conclusion: Therefore,
B
Premise #1: If it is a
Yorkie, then it is a dog.
Premise #2: It is a
Yorkie
Conclusion: Therefore, it
is a dog.
DENYING THE
CONSEQUENT
Premise #1: If A (Cause),
then B (Result)
Premise #2: NOT B
(Result)
Conclusion: Therefore,
not A (Cause)
Premise #1: If burglars entered by
the front door, then they forced the
lock.
Premise #2: Burglars did not force
the lock.
Conclusion: Therefore, they did not
enter by the front door.
DISJUNCTIVE
SYLLOGISM
Premise #1: Either A or B
Premise #2: NOT A
Conclusion: Therefore, B
Premise #1: Either it is red,
or it is blue.
Premise #2: It is not red
Conclusion: Therefore, it is
blue
APPLYING A
GENERALIZATION
Premise #1: Every member of F
is a member of G.
Premise #2: Individual case X is a
member of F.
Conclusion: Therefore, X is a
member of G
APPLYING AN
EXCEPTION
Premise #1: Every member of F
is a member of G.
Premise #2: Individual case X is
NOT a member of G.
Conclusion: Therefore, X is NOT
a member of F
Transitivity
If x=y, and y=z,
then x=z
Alex is a law student.
Law students are critical
thinkers.
Alex is a critical thinker.
Reflexivity
If x=y, then y=x
If Jim is a coworker of
Pam, then Pam is a
coworker of Jim.
Fallacy
Deceptive arguments that appear logical but fall apart with
logical reasoning
Appeals to ignorance
A person concludes that
something is true simply on
the grounds that they cannot
prove it to be false
Appeals to mob
Since others are doing it, or
think it is correct, you too should
do it
Appeals to emotion
Reliance on an emotional response
as the best guide for forming
judgement, without using logical
means
Ad hominem attack
Personally attacking an
individual, rather than their
ideas (Verbal aggression
instead of
argumentativeness)
Straw hat fallacy
Distorting the opposition’s
argument or attacking an argument
they did not make.
Playing with words
Exploits problematic
vagueness, ambiguity,
stereotyping, and slanted
language
Misuse of authority
Believe a claim
because a powerful
or respected person
says so
Ethos
A receiver’s attitude toward a source at a particular
time.
Character (ethos dimension)
Integrity, honesty, goodness
Competence (ethos dimension)
Intelligence, knowledge, expertise, and background
Caring (ethos dimension)
Concern or others, empathy, consideration
Three types of ethos credibility
Before, During, After
Inital ethos
Background
* Experience,
education,
reputation
Characteristics
* Attractiveness,
gender, race
Sponsorship
* Support or
endorsement
from another
Derived ethos
Rhetorical
Choices
* Evidence,
organization,
delivery
Humor
* ↑ Ethos with
more humor
Common
Ground
* ↑ Ethos
Fear
* Depending
on amount of
fear used
Out of ethos, logos, and pathos, what (eventually)
persuades the most?
Logos
5 things of ethos and power
Coercive(punisment)
Reward(Benefits)
Legitmate(positon)
Competence(knowledge)
Referent(relationship)
