Comm Dis Exam 1 Flashcards
what is speech?
speech is how we say sounds and our verbal communication: articulation, fluency, voice
what is language?
language is the words we use: socially shared, code, rule-governed, generative, dynamic
what are the three types of speech disorders and an example?
articulation: affects production
fluency: interruption of speech flow. example: stuttering
voice: absence of voice quality
what is a language disorder?
it is a disorder that affects comprehension and use, how we use a language. example: a child uses the plural s in an incorrect way.
predisposing vs precipitating vs perpetuating
underlying problems, triggering problems, continue to add to problem
what are facial expressions and body language an example of
nonverbal communication
what is the primary muscle for resperiation?
diaphragm, located under lungs
inhalation duration is ? and exhalation is ? in order to speak fluently
shorter, longer
what is the phonatory system purpose?
it is for speech, it contains the larynx or the voice box. the larynx connects the pharynx and trachea.
vocal folds abduction vs adduction?
abduction is open and adduction is closed
where is the cricoid cartilage and what does it do?
The cricoid cartilage is above the trachea, it connects the trachea to everything else
what is the wing-shaped bone at the top of the larynx and what does it do?
hyoid bone, it is a tongue and lower jaw support structure.
what is the epiglottic cartilage?
this cartilage covers the windpipe when you swallow so you do not inhale the food
what is the arytenoid cartilage?
it opens and closes the vocal folds
what is the glottis?
it is the space between the vocal folds when they are open.
what is the thyroid cartilage?
This cartilage is v-shaped and does not go all the way around the larynx but it protects the adams apple and the vocal cords
what is the central nervous system comprised of (CNS)?
brain and spinal cord
what is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprised of?
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
what is the purpose of the nervous system?
it helps all body parts communicate with each other, uses electric and chemical ways to communicate.
what connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
the corpus callosum
what are the names of the four lobes in the brain?
frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
where is the primary motor cortex and what is responsible for?
the primary motor cortex is located at the end of the frontal lobe and the start of the parietal lobe. it controls body movements and is important for speech
where is the primary auditory cortex and what is it responsible for?
the primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal love and it receives sound signals
where is broca’s area and what is it responsible for?
Broca’s area is located in the frontal lobe and it is responsible for speech production
where is wernicke’s area and what is it responsible for?
wernicke’s area is in the temporal lobe and is responsible for speech comprehension
articulation vs articulators?
articulation refers to how speech sounds are formed in our mouth and articulators are the parts of the vocal tract used to form speech sounds
what structures do we use in our mouth for speech?
lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, tongue, uvula, nasal cavity, hard palate, soft palate (velum), pharynx, vocal folds
how can we describe consonant sounds?
place of articulation (where), manner of articulation (how), and voicing (do the vocal folds vibrate)
how can we describe vowel sounds?
roundedness (are lips rounded), backness (front or back of mouth), and height (tongue lowered or raised)
bilabial
use of both lips: p,b,m,w
labiodental
lower lip and teeth: f,v
(inter)dental
tongue between teeth: th
alveolar
tongue to alveolar ridge: n, t, d, s, z, l
palatal
center of tongue to hard palate: sh, zh (pleasure)
velar
tongue to velum: k,g, ng (ring)
glottal
glottis/between vocal folds
stop/plosive
obstruction of the airway, air is released in a burst: b,p,t,d,k,g
fricative
lots of constriction of the airway, tiny gap where air is released: f,v,s,z,sh,zh,th
affricate
stop+fricative: tsh (church), dzh (judge)
approximants
articulators come close but don’t obstruct the airway: w,j,r,l
nasals
velum lowers, complete obstruction of oral cavity and air passes through nasal cavity: m,n, ng
liquid
partial block of airflow behind tongue
gliding
glide into vowel sound: “wed” instead of red
which is voiced? b or d, s or z, f or v
b, z, v
true or false: all vowels are voiced in english
true
what is a phoneme
smallest unit of speech: /p/, cat consists of three phonemes
what is a grapheme
smallest unit of writing: <p>, spelling
how many phonemes and graphemes does fox have?
4 phonemes, 3 graphemes
what is phonetics
study of sounds
congenital vs developmental vs acquired
born with it, starts in first few years of life, usually happens after a stroke or traumatic injury
prenatal
before the child is born
early infancy
0-3 months
middle infancy
4-6 months
late infancy
6-9 months
early talker (first word is typically in this time)
10-14 months
true or false: fetus will show preference for parents voices, usually the mother
true
characteristics of early infancy
cooing at 2 moths, can differentiate all sounds in all languages, different crying for different needs
characteristics of middle infancy
becoming accustomed to native language, producing vowel-like sounds, may start “conversations”
late infancy characteristics
reduplicated babbling, CV sequences: babababa
early talker characteristics
variegated babbling: combination of different syllables and sounds together, first word at 12 months
child talk
child-direct speech, motherese, baby-talk. exaggerated, high pitched, repetitive, slower
when is a child 50% intelligible and 100% intelligible?
50%: 2 years old
100%: 4 years old
imprecise articulation of speech sounds can be:
structural, neuromotor, functional, perceptual
which has a known cause: functional or organic SSD?
organic
what is a perceptual SSD?
caused by hearing problems
motor/neuromotor SSD?
problems with either execution or planning. apraxia is planning and dysarthria is execution
structural SSD?
structural damage, abnormality of articulators. cleft lip/palate can cause hypernasality because of the difficulty moving the velum
functional articulation
inability to say sounds correctly after a certain age
subsitution
wed instead of red
omission
“ge” instead of get
distortions
sound such as ‘s’ can be distorted
additions
“galass” instead of “glass”
functional phonology
adaptations for a difficult word, articulators have accurate movement but speaker produces wrong sound, can be developmental or acquired
weak syllable deletion
above-bove
banana-nana
tomato-mato
final consonant deletion
bat-ba-
cat-ca-
ball-ba-
consonant cluster reduction
step-tep
blue-b-ue
strike- -t-ike
stopping
continuous airflow is stopped, stop instead of fricative
sheep-teep
sea-tea
when should these common phonological processes stop?
should be gone around four years old
what characterizes dysarthria?
weak/paralyzed muscles, discoordination, involuntary movements, execution problems, speech disorder
what characterizes aparxia?
higher-level motor control deficiency, planning problems
common features of dysarthria?
voice disturbances, imprecise articulation, respiration disorders, inadequate prosody, can be congenital or acquired (stroke, ALS)
common features of apraxia?
imprecise articulation, inconsistent articulation errors, slow and effortful speech, word variability, respiration and voice is OK, will recognize errors, can be congenital or acquired
fluency definition
consistent ability to move the speech production apparatus in an effortless, smooth, and rapid manner, resulting in a continuous, uninterrupted forward flow of speech
disfluency
any disruption of fluency, we all produce disfluencies
typical disfluencies
word repetitions: I like that…that book
phrase repetitions: i want a…want a big one
sentence repetitions: watch me! watch me! watch me!
hesitations: he took…my juice
interjections: we, um, gotta go
stutter-like disfluencies (NOT NORMAL)
syllable repetition: we saw a vi-vi-vi-vi-video
sound repetition: I g-g-g-g-got it from school
sound prolongations: wwwwwait for me
sound blocks: b———all
secondary behavior examples
eye blinking, mouth movements, facial movements, body/limb movements
developmental stuttering characteristics:
onset is 2-5 years old, 80% of people recover, more common in males
acquired stuttering causes
toxins or stroke
treatment for developmental stuttering
modify things around the child like their environment and the way you talk, praise fluent speech, slow down and prolong vowels, improve attitude towards stuttering
