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UMass First Semester > Comm Dis Exam 1 > Flashcards

Comm Dis Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is speech?

A

speech is how we say sounds and our verbal communication: articulation, fluency, voice

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2
Q

what is language?

A

language is the words we use: socially shared, code, rule-governed, generative, dynamic

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3
Q

what are the three types of speech disorders and an example?

A

articulation: affects production
fluency: interruption of speech flow. example: stuttering
voice: absence of voice quality

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4
Q

what is a language disorder?

A

it is a disorder that affects comprehension and use, how we use a language. example: a child uses the plural s in an incorrect way.

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5
Q

predisposing vs precipitating vs perpetuating

A

underlying problems, triggering problems, continue to add to problem

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6
Q

what are facial expressions and body language an example of

A

nonverbal communication

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7
Q

what is the primary muscle for resperiation?

A

diaphragm, located under lungs

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8
Q

inhalation duration is ? and exhalation is ? in order to speak fluently

A

shorter, longer

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9
Q

what is the phonatory system purpose?

A

it is for speech, it contains the larynx or the voice box. the larynx connects the pharynx and trachea.

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10
Q

vocal folds abduction vs adduction?

A

abduction is open and adduction is closed

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11
Q

where is the cricoid cartilage and what does it do?

A

The cricoid cartilage is above the trachea, it connects the trachea to everything else

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12
Q

what is the wing-shaped bone at the top of the larynx and what does it do?

A

hyoid bone, it is a tongue and lower jaw support structure.

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13
Q

what is the epiglottic cartilage?

A

this cartilage covers the windpipe when you swallow so you do not inhale the food

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14
Q

what is the arytenoid cartilage?

A

it opens and closes the vocal folds

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15
Q

what is the glottis?

A

it is the space between the vocal folds when they are open.

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16
Q

what is the thyroid cartilage?

A

This cartilage is v-shaped and does not go all the way around the larynx but it protects the adams apple and the vocal cords

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17
Q

what is the central nervous system comprised of (CNS)?

A

brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprised of?

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the nervous system?

A

it helps all body parts communicate with each other, uses electric and chemical ways to communicate.

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20
Q

what connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain?

A

the corpus callosum

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21
Q

what are the names of the four lobes in the brain?

A

frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal

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22
Q

where is the primary motor cortex and what is responsible for?

A

the primary motor cortex is located at the end of the frontal lobe and the start of the parietal lobe. it controls body movements and is important for speech

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23
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex and what is it responsible for?

A

the primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal love and it receives sound signals

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24
Q

where is broca’s area and what is it responsible for?

A

Broca’s area is located in the frontal lobe and it is responsible for speech production

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25
Q

where is wernicke’s area and what is it responsible for?

A

wernicke’s area is in the temporal lobe and is responsible for speech comprehension

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26
Q

articulation vs articulators?

A

articulation refers to how speech sounds are formed in our mouth and articulators are the parts of the vocal tract used to form speech sounds

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27
Q

what structures do we use in our mouth for speech?

A

lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, tongue, uvula, nasal cavity, hard palate, soft palate (velum), pharynx, vocal folds

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28
Q

how can we describe consonant sounds?

A

place of articulation (where), manner of articulation (how), and voicing (do the vocal folds vibrate)

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29
Q

how can we describe vowel sounds?

A

roundedness (are lips rounded), backness (front or back of mouth), and height (tongue lowered or raised)

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30
Q

bilabial

A

use of both lips: p,b,m,w

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31
Q

labiodental

A

lower lip and teeth: f,v

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32
Q

(inter)dental

A

tongue between teeth: th

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33
Q

alveolar

A

tongue to alveolar ridge: n, t, d, s, z, l

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34
Q

palatal

A

center of tongue to hard palate: sh, zh (pleasure)

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35
Q

velar

A

tongue to velum: k,g, ng (ring)

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36
Q

glottal

A

glottis/between vocal folds

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37
Q

stop/plosive

A

obstruction of the airway, air is released in a burst: b,p,t,d,k,g

38
Q

fricative

A

lots of constriction of the airway, tiny gap where air is released: f,v,s,z,sh,zh,th

39
Q

affricate

A

stop+fricative: tsh (church), dzh (judge)

40
Q

approximants

A

articulators come close but don’t obstruct the airway: w,j,r,l

41
Q

nasals

A

velum lowers, complete obstruction of oral cavity and air passes through nasal cavity: m,n, ng

42
Q

liquid

A

partial block of airflow behind tongue

43
Q

gliding

A

glide into vowel sound: “wed” instead of red

44
Q

which is voiced? b or d, s or z, f or v

A

b, z, v

45
Q

true or false: all vowels are voiced in english

A

true

46
Q

what is a phoneme

A

smallest unit of speech: /p/, cat consists of three phonemes

47
Q

what is a grapheme

A

smallest unit of writing: <p>, spelling

48
Q

how many phonemes and graphemes does fox have?

A

4 phonemes, 3 graphemes

49
Q

what is phonetics

A

study of sounds

50
Q

congenital vs developmental vs acquired

A

born with it, starts in first few years of life, usually happens after a stroke or traumatic injury

51
Q

prenatal

A

before the child is born

52
Q

early infancy

A

0-3 months

53
Q

middle infancy

A

4-6 months

54
Q

late infancy

A

6-9 months

55
Q

early talker (first word is typically in this time)

A

10-14 months

56
Q

true or false: fetus will show preference for parents voices, usually the mother

A

true

57
Q

characteristics of early infancy

A

cooing at 2 moths, can differentiate all sounds in all languages, different crying for different needs

58
Q

characteristics of middle infancy

A

becoming accustomed to native language, producing vowel-like sounds, may start “conversations”

59
Q

late infancy characteristics

A

reduplicated babbling, CV sequences: babababa

60
Q

early talker characteristics

A

variegated babbling: combination of different syllables and sounds together, first word at 12 months

61
Q

child talk

A

child-direct speech, motherese, baby-talk. exaggerated, high pitched, repetitive, slower

62
Q

when is a child 50% intelligible and 100% intelligible?

A

50%: 2 years old
100%: 4 years old

63
Q

imprecise articulation of speech sounds can be:

A

structural, neuromotor, functional, perceptual

64
Q

which has a known cause: functional or organic SSD?

A

organic

65
Q

what is a perceptual SSD?

A

caused by hearing problems

66
Q

motor/neuromotor SSD?

A

problems with either execution or planning. apraxia is planning and dysarthria is execution

67
Q

structural SSD?

A

structural damage, abnormality of articulators. cleft lip/palate can cause hypernasality because of the difficulty moving the velum

68
Q

functional articulation

A

inability to say sounds correctly after a certain age

69
Q

subsitution

A

wed instead of red

70
Q

omission

A

“ge” instead of get

71
Q

distortions

A

sound such as ‘s’ can be distorted

72
Q

additions

A

“galass” instead of “glass”

73
Q

functional phonology

A

adaptations for a difficult word, articulators have accurate movement but speaker produces wrong sound, can be developmental or acquired

74
Q

weak syllable deletion

A

above-bove
banana-nana
tomato-mato

75
Q

final consonant deletion

A

bat-ba-
cat-ca-
ball-ba-

76
Q

consonant cluster reduction

A

step-tep
blue-b-ue
strike- -t-ike

77
Q

stopping

A

continuous airflow is stopped, stop instead of fricative
sheep-teep
sea-tea

78
Q

when should these common phonological processes stop?

A

should be gone around four years old

79
Q

what characterizes dysarthria?

A

weak/paralyzed muscles, discoordination, involuntary movements, execution problems, speech disorder

80
Q

what characterizes aparxia?

A

higher-level motor control deficiency, planning problems

81
Q

common features of dysarthria?

A

voice disturbances, imprecise articulation, respiration disorders, inadequate prosody, can be congenital or acquired (stroke, ALS)

82
Q

common features of apraxia?

A

imprecise articulation, inconsistent articulation errors, slow and effortful speech, word variability, respiration and voice is OK, will recognize errors, can be congenital or acquired

83
Q

fluency definition

A

consistent ability to move the speech production apparatus in an effortless, smooth, and rapid manner, resulting in a continuous, uninterrupted forward flow of speech

84
Q

disfluency

A

any disruption of fluency, we all produce disfluencies

85
Q

typical disfluencies

A

word repetitions: I like that…that book
phrase repetitions: i want a…want a big one
sentence repetitions: watch me! watch me! watch me!
hesitations: he took…my juice
interjections: we, um, gotta go

86
Q

stutter-like disfluencies (NOT NORMAL)

A

syllable repetition: we saw a vi-vi-vi-vi-video
sound repetition: I g-g-g-g-got it from school
sound prolongations: wwwwwait for me
sound blocks: b———all

87
Q

secondary behavior examples

A

eye blinking, mouth movements, facial movements, body/limb movements

88
Q

developmental stuttering characteristics:

A

onset is 2-5 years old, 80% of people recover, more common in males

89
Q

acquired stuttering causes

A

toxins or stroke

90
Q

treatment for developmental stuttering

A

modify things around the child like their environment and the way you talk, praise fluent speech, slow down and prolong vowels, improve attitude towards stuttering

UMass First Semester (1 decks)

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