Comm 1081 Flashcards
What is communication
A process by which people share ideas, experience, knowledge, feelings
How do we communicate
Written and spoken words, body language, pictures/ symbols, facial expression
Why do we NEED to communicate?
Needs:
Physical
Social
Identify
Practical
Physical needs (what do we communicate)
Hungry, thirsty, in pain…
Identity needs (what do we communicate)
Sense of identity—from the way we communicate and interact with others
Social needs (what do we communicate)
Pleasure
Affection
Companionship
Escape
Relaxation
Control
Practical needs (what do we communicate)
Instrumental goals
-goals aimed at getting others to behave in desired way
Career success
-identified basic communication needs
What are MASLOW’s HEIRARCHY OF NEEDS
(bottom-top)
Lowest: physiological needs
Safety
Love & belonging
Self-esteem
Self-actualization
Self-transcendence
In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, what do we need met/satisfy first
Lowest-level which is the physiological needs must be met and satisfied first before higher order ones are activated
_____ is a CONTINUOUS TRANSACTIONAL process involving participants who occupy different, but overlapping environments and create relationships through the exchange of _____ by ____, ____, and _____ noise
Interpersonal communcation
Words
External, physiological, psychological (noise)
What are Process of communication (4)?
Inter - other people
Extra- environment, objects
Peri- device, interface
Infra- self, thoughts, reflection
What are the two views of interpersonal communication?
- Quantitative interpersonal communication
- Qualitative interpersonal communication
This type of interpersonal communication is usually done face-to-face between individuals
Quantitative interpersonal communication
* 2 people interacting = DYAD
This type of interpersonal communication occurs when people treat one another UNIQUE INDIVIDUALS regardless of the context or the number of people involved
Qualitative interpersonal communication
5 communication principles
- Intentional/ unintentional
- Irreversible
- Impossible not to communicate
- Ongoing process
- Has content and relational dimensions
What principle of communication is this?
- we plan our words carefully before asking for a big favour/ offering a criticism
*can be non-verbal messages
Intentional or unintentional communication
What principle of communication is this?
*words said and deeds done are irretrievable
(explanation can be done for misunderstanding)
Communication is Irreversible
What principle of communication is this?
When we communicate all the time, but may not always be accurately interpreted
Impossible not to communicate
What principle of communication is this?
Ongoing process making it impossible to repeat an event
Communication is unrepeatable/ irreversible
What principle of communication is this?
Most exchanges operate on two levels:
Content and relational
Types of noise in the process of communication (3)
- External noise (running motors, smoke, temperature, visual distraction)
- Physiological noise ( pain, hunger, visual problems, fatigue, hearing loss)
- Psychological noise (embarrassment, anger, disappointment, nervousness)
Models of communication (3)
- Transmission model
- Interaction model
- Transaction model
What model of communication is this?:
Focus is on the sender and the message
“Noise” may interfere with message
Transmission model
What model of communication is this?:
There is presence of feedback
Both people are sender and receiver
Presence of both physical and psychological
Interaction model
What model of communication is this?: Communication is more than a process used to create meaning
Social realities
Social and cultural context is carefully considered
Transactional model
It is a form to communicating and presenting ourselves
Outside-public self (what they can see: appearance)
Inside- private self (what you know about yourself, but others don’t)
Self-concept bag
How does communication competence help to better our communication skills?
1, motivation and open-mindedness
2. Knowledge of other cultures and mindfulness
Characteristics of Competent communication: 5
*Ability to perform skillfully (practice)
*Involvement (caring about person and topic)
*empathy and perspective taking (thinking and feeling)
*cognitive complexity (consider multiple points of view)
*self-monitoring (self-awareness while communicating)
What are the qualities of good communicator?
- Warmth (facial expression, tone of voice)
2.genuine (be real, honest, tone matches words - Openness (be candid, has a sense of humour)
- Empathetic (tune in to their feelings, understand their perspective)
Give some 5 characteristics of Competent communication
Involvement (being in the present)
Empathy and perspective taking (reflection)
Self-monitoring (self-awareness)
Choice (language and tone)
Cognitive complexity (ability to consider diff. Points of view)
Ability to change
Practice
Give some 5 characteristics of Competent communication
Involvement (being in the present)
Empathy and perspective taking (reflection)
Self-monitoring (self-awareness)
Choice (language and tone)
Cognitive complexity (ability to consider diff. Points of view)
Ability to change
Practice
Qualities of good communicator (4)
Empathetic
Genuineness
Openness
Warmth
Steps to good communication
Provide a calm situation (minimize noise and distractions)
Approach slowly from the FRONT
Get attention (name, touch, eye contact)
Converse at eye level
Use a calm and controlled voice
Keep it short
Be sure you are understood
Use visual cues
A term used to communicate to the other person that you are ready, willing and able to listen
Attending skills
How do you convey attending skills? At least 5
Open posture
Make an eye-contact
Face the speaker
Nodding your head
Wait for the speaker to stop before speaking
Keep hands and feet still
Ignore distractions
Focus on what is being said
Ask questions
This focus on specific information
Require a yes/no answer
Closed Ended Question
This invites the person to share thoughts, feelings, or ideas
Answer is more than a yes/no
Open Ended Questions
_____ More than just recognizing the words, but you show you are listening by _____ what you have heard
Reflecting feeling
Reflecting back
Potential influences on how we communicate: give 5
Body language/non-verbal
Language used
Existing knowledge
Memory
Assumptions
Listening skills
Clarity
Culture
This is a multi-dimensional construct that refers to an individual’s perception of “self”
Relatively stable set of self perceptions
Self-concept
What are the components of self-concept: 4
Self-esteem
Personal Identity
Body image
Role performance
It is derived from a sense of giving and receiving love, and being respected by others
Extent: we like, accept, or approve of ourselves
May have a + or - view of ourselves
Self-esteem
This is an attitude about one’s physical attributes and characteristics, appearance, and performance
Any change in body structure or function can affect it
Body image
This is the organizing principle of the personality that accounts for continuity, consistency and uniqueness of a person
Personal Identity
Personal Identity includes: 3 images
- Emotional images (feelings about oneself)
- Cognitive images (involves intelligence, past experiences and the process of thinking)
- Perceptual images (derived from the external sensory data=mental pictures of reality)
Refers to q set of expected behaviours determined by familial, cultural, and social norms
If role is unable to fulfill=self concept is impaired
Role performance
Give factors affecting self-concept:
4
*Factors across the lifespan (infants-preschooler, adolescents)
*Psychological factors (sadness, stress, loss, abusive relationships)
*Culture and lifestyle factors (culture, socioeconomic status, living condition)
*Physiological factors (fatigue, trauma, chronic illness, surgery, disability, obesity)
This is genetically inherited personality traits influence our approach to communication
Biological and Social Roots to Self Concept
Give the two influences on identity
- Diversity - race or ethnicity, age, culture, language, religion
- Culture- integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behaviour
4 stages of self-fulfilling prophecy
- You HOLD an expectation
- You BEHAVE in accordance with expectation
- Expectation comes true
- Original expectation is reinforced
This is the process of organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information
We assign meaning to the world around us
Perception
Perception is affected by factors in the _____, in the object or _______ being perceived, and in the _____ or _______
Perceiver
Target
Context or situation
True or False
We often use our perceptions to predict what we think the other will think or do next
True
3 Factors that influence perception
- Psychological influences (mood, self-concept, psychological challenges)
- Physiological influences (hunger, thirst, health, fatigue)
- Social influences (gender roles, age, occupational role)
Our Interpretations are influenced by our ____ and our _______
*self-concept
*attitudes
This is a mental framework or blueprint that we develop throughout our lives to make sense of our interactions with other people
Schemata
Ingrained patterns of thinking and feeling that influence how we perceive, interpret, and respond to social situations.
Schemata
the process by which organisms understand their environment through organizing and interpreting sensory information.
Perception
influenced by physical, environmental, and learned factors and varies between individuals.
three phases of perception
*selecting relevant information
*organizing it
*interpreting what it means.
true/false
1.You often categorize people based on an easily recognized characteristics
2.You assign a set of characteristics to most or all members of a category
3.You apply the set of characteristics to any member of the group
all true
ability to re-create another person’s perspective, to experience the world from other’s point of view
empathy
viewing another person’s situation from your point of view
you feel bad for them but fail to relate emotionally
sympathy
Shows how the brain processes words and colours differently
Stoop Effect
the biological and chemical reaction or response in the body to an internal or external trigger
Emotions
*conscious evaluation or appraisal of what we are experiencing
*how we interpret emotions and let them sink in
Feelings
True/ false
Feelings can be impacted by stories we’ve created in our head based on events of the past or fears of the future—not necessarily the truth of the situation.
True
Psychologist who identified six basic emotions that he suggested were universally experienced in all human cultures.
Paul Eckman
What are 7 Universal Human Emotions
- Happiness
- Sadness
- Anger
- Fear
- Disgust
- Surprise
- Contempt
Reactions to meaningful events and include cognitive and physiological changes.
Emotions
What is an image made up of symbols used in text messages, emails, etc. to express a particular emotion
Emoctions
true/false
It is important to communicate the intensity of the emotion
Emotions are often mixed however we tend to only communicate one and usually the most negative one
true
Body Language remember this tip- “PEOPLE”= what does it means?
- (P)OSTURES & GESTURES
- How do you use hand gestures? How do you stand?
- (E)YE CONTACT
- How’s your “Lighthouse”?
- (O)RIENTATION
- How do you position yourself?
- (P)RESENTATION
- How do you deliver your message?
- (L)OOKS
- Are your looks, appearance, dress important?
- (E)XPRESSIONS OF EMOTION
- Are you using facial expressions to express emotion?
the ability to manage and monitor one own emotions and effectively respond to the emotions of others
Emotional intelligence
the Rational, most advanced part of your brain. It allows you to be here, to listen, learn, then put into action.
Cerebral Cortex
where we process
the centre of emotions
- LIMBIC System* This is where the fight flight or freeze response “lives”
four clusters of emotional intelligence
- Self-awareness
- Self-management
- Social awareness
- Social skills
True/ false
Men:
*Rarely express feelings of vulnerability
*More likely to express positive emotions and strengths
true
True/false
Women:
*More likely to express feelings of vulnerability
*More likely to express positive emotions
*More sensitive to emotions of others
True
people feel comfortable revealing their feelings to others who are close to them
Individualist Cultures
discourage expression of any negative emotions that might upset relationships among people who belong to the in-group
Collectivist Cultures
(e.g. Japan and India)
3 Guidelines for Expressing Emotions
- Share Multiple Feelings
- Accept Responsibility for your Feelings
- Consider when and where to express your feelings
Kind of emotions that are distinguished by intensity and duration
Facilitative and debilitative emotions
are intense but brief, assisting in effective functioning
Facilitative Emotions
- Come from accepting irrational thoughts as truth
- The level, or intensity, of the emotion we’re feeling, determines our response to the emotion
Debilitative Emotions
- How often do you get angry each day?
- What are the causes of irritation in your life?
- How upsetting is each episode of anger?
- How well do you manage each episode?
Angry Thermometer
It refers to the judgement and evaluations we make about our self-concept
Self-esteem
Refers to the overall idea of who a person thinks he or she is
Self-concept
What influences our self-perception
Social and family influence
Cultural influences
Media
The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information
Perception
