Combined Biology - B3 Infection and Response Flashcards
Name the four types of pathogens.
- Fungus
- Bacteria
- Virus
- Protist
List three ways that pathogens can be spread between plants or animals.
- Direct contact
- Water
- Air
- Droplet
- Vectors
What do bacteria produce to make us feel ill?
Toxins
Q.
a) What type of pathogen causes Malaria?
b) What insect spreads malaria between people?
c) Suggests two ways to reduce the spread of malaria.
a) protist
b) mosquitos
c) i) Vaccination
ii) Controlling mosquitos e.g. nets / preventing them from breeding e.t.c.
Q.
a) What type of pathogen causes Measles?
b) How is this pathogen spread between people?
c) What are the symptoms of Measles?
d) How can you prevent yourself from getting measles?
a) Virus
b) Inhaling droplets from sneezes/coughs
c) Fever and red skin rash
d) Vaccination
Q.
a) What type of pathogen causes HIV?
b) What part of our body does the pathogen target and damage?
c) What drugs are used to treat HIV?
d) List two ways in which HIV is spread amongst people
a) Virus
b) Immune system
c) Antiretroviral drugs
d) Sexual contact / Sharing drug needles
a) What type of pathogen causes Salmonella?
b) What’s the most likely source of this pathogen?
c) How do farmers try to help prevent the spread of Salmonella?
d) List two symptoms of Salmonella poisoning.
a) Bacteria
b) Bad food hygiene
c) Vaccinate poultry/chickens
d) Fever, cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
Q.
a) What type of pathogen causes Gonorrhoea?
b) What are the two common symptoms of gonorrhoea?
c) How is gonorrhoea spread?
d) List two ways that gonorrhoea is controlled.
a) Bacteria
b) Discharge from penis or vagina / pain when urinating
c) Sexual contact
d) Antibiotics / barrier method contraception
Q.
a) TMV is a pathogen that can affect plants. What does TMV stand for?
b) What does a plant infected by TMV look like?
c) How does TMV affect plant growth?
a) Tobacco Mosaic Virus
b) Mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves
c) Reduces photosynthesis (because leaves damaged)
Q.
a) What pathogen causes Rose Black Spot disease?
b) How is this pathogen spread?
c) What are the signs that a plant is suffering from Rose Black Spot disease?
d) How is Rose Black Spot treated?
e) How does Rose Black Spot affect plant growth?
a) Fungus
b) Water or wind
c) Purple/Black spots on the leaves with leaves turning yellow and falling off.
d) Fungicides and removing affected leaves
e) Reduces photosynthesis
State how the following parts of the body defend us against pathogens:
a) Skin
b) Nose
c) Trachea
d) Stomach
a) Skin: acts as barrier / secretes antimicrobial oils
b) Nose: Hairs to trap microbes
c) Trachea and Bronchi: Mucus to trap microbes / cilia to get rid of mucus and microbes
d) Stomach: Contains hydrochloric acid to kill microbes
What three things do white blood cells do to protect us against disease?
1) Phagocytosis (engulfs the pathogen)
2) Produces antibodies
3) Produces antitoxins
Explain how a vaccine works
- Dead or inactive pathogen injected into person
- White blood cell produces antibodies to match the antigen on the pathogen
- White blood cells remember the antibody so they can be produced rapidly if the pathogen enters the body again.
What are antibiotics used to treat?
Bacteria
What is the name of the first antibiotic to be discovered by Alexander Fleming?
Penicillin
