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R2102 plant nutrition and the root environment > combination of past papers > Flashcards

combination of past papers Flashcards

1
Q

list some symptoms that indicate plants are lacking in nutrients

A

chlorosis-yellowing of foliage

stunted growth

reduced yield/fruiting

discoloration of leaves (purple in tomatoes deficient in phosphorus)

bitter pit in apples, tulip topple, blossom end rot-all calcium deficient

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2
Q

a horticultural situation for a top dressing is?

A

lawns

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3
Q

a horticultural situation for a base dressing is?

A

tree planting

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4
Q

a horticultural situation for a liquid feed is?

A

tomatoes/hydroponics

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5
Q

a horticultural situation for a foliar feed is?

A

roses/camellias to overcome lime-induced chlorosis

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6
Q

how can growth of plants be increased other than using fertilisers?

A

organic mulch-retain water/suppress weeds

removal of weeds-reduces competition for light/nutrients/water

space plants to avoid overcrowding

use irrigation to ensure adequate water supply

supply suitable temp to induce growth of plants

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7
Q

state 2 distinct effects of pH on a soil structure

A

soil organisms affected by extremes of pH

at extremes om not broken down as quickly so crumb structure/porosity of soil affected

flocculation needed in some soils in order for them to be more workable

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8
Q

describe use of a material to raise soil pH

A

lime-crushed or in powder form as not very soluble

spread by hand or with spreader

incorporate into soil

water in regularly as not effective on dry soil

lime before planting a crop

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9
Q

list the pros and cons of using sulphur to lower soil ph

A

easy to apply
measured accurately
fast acting
no effect on soil structure

can be slow to act depending on particle size and needs reapplication

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10
Q

list the pros and cons of using om to lower the soil ph

A

improves soil structure
adds micro-organisms which are beneficial
natural/sustainable

re-application required
ability to lower ph variable

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11
Q

environmental benefits of making compost are?

A

no need to take waste to landfill sites

correct carbon;nitrogen ratio therefore no additives required

disease not passed on

soil will benefit from increased s.o activity

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12
Q

environmental benefits of using compost are?

A

less om needs to be brought in so less transport and costs

should know ph as you know what it is made of

using om on sandy soil improves structure/water holding capacity

reduced need for synthetic fertilisers

soil structure improved overall

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13
Q

what are high carbon materials for composting

A

brown: cardboard, straw, non-glossy paper, dry leaves, shredded woody prunings

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14
Q

what are high nitrogen materials for composting?

A

green: grass clippings, veg peelings, green leaves, green prunings, comfrey leaves

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15
Q

what are the benefits of primary soil cultivation?

A

exposes heavy soils to action of frost over winter
exposes pests to predators
incorporated om/grit
burys annual weeds
compaction alleviated
rhizomes/roots of perennial weeds can be removed

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16
Q

what are the limitations of primary soil cultivation?

A 
soil structure can be damaged
releases carbon into atmosphere
soil prone to more erosion
soil pan created by digging to same depth repeatedly
soil surface capping
weeds brought to surface
17
Q

how do you minimise negative effects of soil cultivation?

A

don’t work on soil when too wet/rain imminent
reduce cultivation amount-no dig method
use bed systems to avoid walking on soil
don’t walk on soil after its been cultivated

18
Q

name four soil horizons

A

o- organic layer
A- Top soil
B- Sub soil
C- Parent rock

19
Q

what are some garden cultivation methods?

A 
digging-single or double
raking
forking
hoeing
rotary cultivation
20
Q

benefits of digging are?

A

releives compaction
incorporates om
buries weeds/weed seeds

21
Q

benefits of forking are?

A

remkves lumps in soil
aerates soil
brings pests to surface
can roughly fork om

22
Q

benefits of raking are?

A

levels soil
removes large stones/lumps
creates a fine tilth

23
Q

benefits of hoeing are?

A

breaks down surface cap

removes weeds

24
Q

benefits of rotary cultivation are?

A

suitable for large areas of land
breaking new ground
improves drainage/aeration
chops up plant debris

25
Q

what is a limitation of rotary cultivation?

A

a cultivation pan is created as rotivation carried out at same depth

26
Q

what is meant by pore space?

A 
spaces between the soil-
in three sizes.
macropores
mesopores
micropores
27
Q

what do macropores hold?

A

air

28
Q

what do mesopores hold?

A

available water

29
Q

what do micropores hold?

A

hygroscopic water-unavailable

30
Q

what is permanent wilting point?

A

no more available water in soil
macro/mesopores are filled with air
only available water is bound to soil (hygroscopic) and not available to plant

31
Q

what is soil moisture deficit?

A

amount of water required to bring soil back to field capacity

32
Q

what are suitable types of om when growing ornamental plants in a garden situation?

A

bulky om thats well rotted (porosity/aeration)

leaf mould-top dressing or incorporated into soil

bark chips- used as mulch to suppress weeds and retain moisture

33
Q

describe three methods for correcting nutrient deficiencies

A

add om-slow release but bacteria work quicker is soil is moist and warm

organic/inorganic fertilisers-act fast, target specific deficiencies. Need water to dissolve minerals

green manures- legumes (have nodules on roots which contain nitrogen) incorporate into soil

correct soil pH-

34
Q

name three plants that like acidic soil

A

camellia japonica
rhododendrom arboreum
pieris japonica

35
Q

name three plants that like acidic soil

A

echinacea purpurea
Acer palmatum
clematis vitalba

R2102 plant nutrition and the root environment (3 decks)

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