COM3310 Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

2PC

A

Two-phase commit - Commit and roll back - first check goes to all Resource Managers and checks whether everything is ok to commit, then decides whether to commit or not (2 phases) (if even one Resource Manager cannot go ahead, then the whole thing does not go ahead)- the idea that a transaction can be of multiple parts and that the system needs to either commit everything or roll back on everything if there is a failure

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2
Q

ACID

A

Requirements of a transaction system: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability Atomic: Meaning either all changes are made at once or not at all Consistency: Database remains consistent according to the rules defines such as referential integrity both before and after the transaction is executed Isolation: Requires that transactions are executed as if not other transactions are executed (e.g. hidden) Durability: When a transaction is stated as complete, the updates to the database are preserved irrespective of any system failures

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3
Q

Address Space

A

The complete range of addresses available to a program. An address space contains user data, system data and programs, some of which are common to all address spaces.

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4
Q

ADRDSSU

A

Application-level Utility - Primary disk dump and disk restore program provided with z/OS

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5
Q

Alias

A

An alias is a special entry in the master catalog, pointing to a user catalog, that coincides with the high level qualifier of a data set name.

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6
Q

AMS

A

Access Method Services: A utility to define and delete VSAM structures, such as files and indexes

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7
Q

AORs

A

Application-Owning Regions - In a CICSPlex configuration, a CICS region devoted to running applications

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8
Q

Application Designers & Programmer

A

Design, build, test and deliver mainframe applications

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9
Q

Atomic Instant

A

The instant when the coordinator records the fact that it is going to tell all the resource managers to either commit or roll back

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10
Q

Batch Processing

A

The running of jobs on the mainframe without user interaction - reads and processes data in bulk and produces output

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11
Q

BMS

A

Basic Mapping Support - 3270: Sends a menu to the terminal, in between command prompt and interface I think

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12
Q

CA

A

Continuous Availability

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13
Q

CBU

A

Capacity BackUp - Temporary upgrade for customers who have a requirement for a robust disaster recovery solution, creates backup systems that is not paid for unless a disaster is activated (special contract with IBM)

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14
Q

CEC

A

Central Electionic Complex (like CPC (Central Processing Complex) - the physical collection of hardware that includes main storage, one or more central processors, timers and channels (main system))

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15
Q

CEDA

A

CICS Command - Used for creating and managing resource definitions (Conversational)

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16
Q

CEMT

A

CICS Command - Master Terminal Commands (INQUIRE - Set File, SET - Disable a program, ) (Conversational)

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17
Q

CF

A

Coupling Facility

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18
Q

CHPID

A

Channel Path Identifier: The channels are all integrated in the main processor box

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19
Q

CICS

A

Customer Information Control System - General purpose transaction subsystem for z/OS

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20
Q

CICS Explorer

A

A system management tool that offers a simple, integrated and intuitive way to manage one or more IBM CICS systems

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21
Q

CICS TS

A

CICS Transaction Server: Often called simply CICS, is a powerful, mixed-language application server that runs on the IBM mainframe operating system called z/OS. Commonly divided into three regions (TOR, FOR and AOR)

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22
Q

CICSPlex

A

CICS Architechture - CICS is divided into several regions and each region can play a different role. Each region has its own VSAM file detailing the resources that are used exclusively for that region

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23
Q

CIU

A

Customer Initiated Upgrade - Web-based solutions for customers ordering and installing upgrades via the IBM Resource Link

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24
Q

Cluster

A

z/OS Parallel Sysplex or z/VM Single System Image (SSI) cluster

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25
Q

CMS

A

Conversational Monitor System - Operating system shipped with z/VM - A virtual machine only operating system, supporting a personal productivity environment, development and installing and maintaining z/VM - Has its own file systems - Runs many applications, compilers etc.

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26
Q

CO

A

Continuous Operations

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27
Q

COMMAREA

A

Pg 423 - CICS - Standard way for CICS prgrams to communicate with each other - The name of the area containing the data to be passed or the area to which results are to be returned (also an option to invoke CICS programs)

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28
Q

Conversational

A

A program that conducts a conversation with the user - Program waits for users response

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29
Q

CP

A

Control Program / Central Processor: The part of the computer that contrains the sequencing and processing facilities for instruction execution, initial program load, and other machine operations.

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30
Q

CPACF

A

CP Assist for Cryptographic function

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31
Q

CPC

A

Central Processor Complex - The physical collection of hardware that includes main storage, one or more central processors, timers and channels

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32
Q

CSGM

A

CICS Command - CICS Good Morning - Command to bring up the welcome screen

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33
Q

CSTOR

A

Memory / Central Storage / Main Storage

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34
Q

DASD

A

Direct Access Storage Device (Disks)

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35
Q

Datasets

A

A collection of logically related data records, such as a library of macros, medical records or a source program.

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36
Q

DB2

A

Shared I/O - DB2 is a database software from IBM. It is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). DB2 is designed to store, analyze and retrieve the data efficiently. DB2 product is extended with the support of Object-Oriented features and non-relational structures with XML. Tables are formatted in a typical logical structure composed of rows and columns

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37
Q

DB2 Buffer Pools

A

A buffer pool is an area of main memory that has been allocated by the database manager for the purpose of caching table and index data as it is read from disk. Every DB2® database must have a buffer pool. Each new database has a default buffer pool defined, called IBMDEFAULTBP.

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38
Q

DB2 Catalogue

A

The DB2 catalog consists of tables of data about everything defined to the DB2 system, including table spaces, indexes, tables, copies of table spaces and indexes, and storage groups.

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39
Q

DB2 Com: ALTER

A

Change the storage size

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40
Q

DB2 Com: BIND

A

DB2 Bind compiles all your sql statements into an executable format.

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41
Q

DB2 Com: COMPILE?

A

Dynamic SQL?

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42
Q

DB2 Com: COPY/RECOVER

A

It is vital that a DBA takes image copies of the data and the indexes with the COPY utility to recover data. The RECOVER utility can recover back to an image copy for a point-in-time recovery

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43
Q

DB2 Com: DCLGEN

A

Allows you to automatically generate your source definitions for the DB2 objects that will be used in your program

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44
Q

DB2 Com: DISPLAY

A

Displays status for whatever suffix you add after

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45
Q

DB2 Com: LOAD/UNLOAD

A

After the tables are created, the DBA uses the LOAD utility to populate them, with the ability to compress large amounts of data. UNLOAD allows the DBA to move or copy data from one subsystem to another

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46
Q

DB2 Com: PRECOMPILE?

A

Because compiled cannot handle SQL, the precompile step comments out the SQL statements and leaves behind a CALL statement to DB2.

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47
Q

DB2 Com: REORG

A

Reorders data in sequence

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48
Q

DB2 Com: RUN

A

When you execute your application program, the load module is loaded into main storage.

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49
Q

DB2 Com: RUNSTATS

A

Gathers statistics for use by the optimiser

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50
Q

DB2 Data Sharing

A

The ability of concurrent subsystems (such as DB2 or IMS DB) or application programs to directly access and change the same data, while maintaining data integrity

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51
Q

DBA

A

Database Administrator: Guides and approves database design, controls access to integrity and availability, providing standards, approving the use of any programs that access them, determines rules and security for access - not responsible for the data

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52
Q

DBMS

A

Database Management System

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53
Q

DFH

A

The 3 character optional software component identifier for CICS

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54
Q

DFMSMS - dfp

A

Core piece of DFSMS that deals with reading and writing

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55
Q

DFSMS

A

Data Facility Storage Management Subsystem - Performs the essential data, storage, program, and device management functions of the system. Used to automate storage management for data sets (rules based: the manager of the SMS can set rules of exactly what should be backed up, when it should be moved to ‘secondary storage’ (archived) depending on something like user priority e.g. high priority customer may get better backed up data than a low priority stakeholder) (dfp, dss, rmm, hsm, OPT)

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56
Q

DIMM

A

Dual In-Line Memory Module - Holds array of chips for RAM

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57
Q

DMA

A

Direct Memory Access

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58
Q

DR

A

Disaster Recovery

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59
Q

Dynamic SQL

A

Refers to SQL statements that are only partially or totally unknown when the program is written. Only when the program runs does DB2 know what the statements are and is able to determine the appropriate access paths.

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60
Q

EAL5

A

Highest level of security ceritification. The IBM mainframes are the world’s only servers to achieve this certification.

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61
Q

ESCON

A

Like FICON (fibre connection)

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62
Q

ESS

A

Enterprise Storage System: Allows multiple I/Os to execure concurrently against the same disk device without queuing. This functionality allows a device to contain more than one access path using a base address along with aliases.

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63
Q

Extensibility

A

Taking future growth into consideration

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64
Q

FICON

A

Fibre Connection architecture - Fibre channel protocol used for connectivity to traditional mainframe disk and tape

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65
Q

FORs

A

File-Owning Regions - In a CICSPlex configuration, a CICS region devoted to files

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66
Q

GDPS

A

Geographically Dispersed Parallel Sysplex - Ultimate disaster recovery and continuious availability

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67
Q

HA

A

High Availability

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68
Q

HBA

A

Host Bus Adapter - FICON Express

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69
Q

HFS

A

Hierarchical File System: A mountable file system, which is being phased out by zFS

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70
Q

Hipersockets

A

Technology that provides high-speed TCP/IP connectivity within a central processor complex. It eliminates the need for any physical cabling or external networking connection between servers running in different LPARs

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71
Q

HLQ

A

High level qualifier: Possible high level qualifiers are your userid or jobname

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72
Q

HMC

A

Hardwar Management Console: A user interface through which data centre personnel configure, control, monitor and manage IBM System Z hardware and software resources.

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73
Q

HSA

A

Hardware Save Area - Not addressable by the user, special component of the mainframe central storage area loaded at power on

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74
Q

Hypervisor

A

The hypervisor drives the concept of virtualization by allowing the physical host machine to operate multiple virtual machines as guests to help maximize the effective use of computing resources such as memory, network bandwidth and CPU cycles.

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75
Q

I/O

A

Input/Output: To describe any program, operation or device that transfers data to or from a computer to or from a peripheral device

76
Q

I/O Channels

A

I/O Channels are part of the Channel Subsystem (CSS). They provide connectivity for data exchange between servers (and external contol units, devices or networks.

77
Q

I/O Devices

A

e.g. a hard drive

78
Q

ICFs

A

Integrated Coupling Facility: A large memory scratch pad used by multiple systems to coordinate work by sharing resources between LPARs or used for workload balancing when configured for a Parallel Sysplex

79
Q

ICKDSF

A

System-oriented Utility - Used primarily to intialise disk volumes

80
Q

IDCAMS

A

Utility program primarliy used to create and manipulate VSAM data sets

81
Q

IEBCOPY

A

Utility program that copies members from one Partitioned Dataset to another as well as compress a Partitioned Dataset

82
Q

IEBDG

A

Utility Program - Used to create records in which fields can be generated with various types of data. IEBDG is typically used to create test data.

83
Q

IEBFBR14

A

Utility Program - The only function of this sprogram is to provide a zero (0) completion code.

84
Q

IEBGENER

A

Utility program that copies one sequential data set to another

85
Q

IEBUPDATE

A

Utility Program - Used to create multiple members in a partitioned data set, or to update records within a member

86
Q

IEHINITT

A

System-oriented Utility - Used to write standard labels on tapes

87
Q

IEHLIST

A

System-oriented Utility - Used to list a parititoned data set directory or a disk volume table of contents (VTOC)

88
Q

IFB

A

InfiniBand: Is used as the pervasive, low-latency, and high-bandwidth interconnect that has low processing impact and is ideal for carrying multiple traffic types

89
Q

IFL

A

Integrated Facility for Linux - Processor used exclusively by Linux

90
Q

INSTALL (Within CICS)

A

Within CICS - deploy a group of resources to a single action

91
Q

IOCDS

A

I/O Control Data set - Translates physical I/O addresses into device numbers that are used by the operating system software to access devices

92
Q

IPL

A

Inital Program Load

93
Q

ISPF

A

Interactive System Productivity Facility: The menu-driven interface for TSO/E This collection of menus and panels offers a wide range of funtions to assist users in working with data files on the system

94
Q

JCL

A

Job Control Language - used to control job scheduling and execution

95
Q

JES2

A

Job Entry System 2: Reads jobs into the system, converts them into readable form, processes etc.

96
Q

KVM

A

Kernel-based Virtual Machine (open source Linux Hypervisor) - been ported to z Systems and can be run in an LPAR to host Linux guests - Does not provise the same robustness, security, integrity and manageability features at hypervisor level of z/VM

97
Q

LCSSs

A

Logical Channel Subsystems: The largest machine today can support up to four LCSSs, each having a maximum of 256 channels

98
Q

LP

A

Logical Partition

99
Q

LPAR

A

Mainframe Logical Partitioning - represents an operating system instance, independent & its own operating system (equivilant of a seperate mainframe for most practical purposes) Resources and devices can be shared across several LPARs (eg. Channels, OSA Express Ports, FICON Express Ports)

100
Q

Mainframe

A

A mainframe is what businesses use to host the commercial databases, transaction servers, and applications that require a greater degree of security and availability than is commonly found on smaller-scale machines.

101
Q

Master Catalog

A

The Master Catalog usually stores only the name of the user catalogs. A z/OS system always has at least one master catalog.

102
Q

MCS Console

A

A console that is used to enter commands and receive messages

103
Q

Middleware

A

Software ‘layer’ between the operating system and the user or user application e.g. database management systems

104
Q

Minidisk

A

z/VM disk partitioning technology

105
Q

MIPS

A

Processor that runs more efficiently due to restricted commands

106
Q

MRO

A

Multi-Region Opertation: Enables the seperation of different CICS functions into different CICS regions (address spaces)

107
Q

NIC

A

Network Interface Card

108
Q

Normalisation

A

1NF: Structure of a table - not a set of data in one field (e.g. Phone: 07908617522; 07463927103, need to be split) 2NF: 1-to-1 - If each column that is not in the key provides a face that depends on the entire key Above are the main two. 3NF: 1-to-many relationships - If each non-key column is independent of the other columns and depends only on the key 4NF/5NF: many-to-many relationships - If no rows contain two or more independent multivalued facts about an entity

109
Q

OLTP

A

Online Transaction Processing

110
Q

OOCoD

A

On/Off Capacity on Demand

111
Q

OSA

A

Open Systems Adapter: Modern way to connect consoles, interface for networking (like ethernet)

112
Q

Parallel Sysplex

A

Clustering technologies that allow the customer to operate multiple copies of the operating system as a single system - Network connects to sysplex (of individual computers) which each connect to a shared data system. Can scale nearly linearly from 2 to 32 systems. Parallel Sysplex technology allows multiple mainframes to act as one. It is a clustering technology that can provide near-continuous availability.

113
Q

PAVs

A

Parallel Access Volumes: Allows multiple I/Os to execure concurrently against the same disk device without queuing. This functionality allows a device to contain more than one access path using a base address along with aliases.

114
Q

PCT

A

Program Control Table: A CICS transaction is given a 4-character name, which is defined in the PCT

115
Q

PDS

A

Partitioned Dataset: A z/OS library containing members, such as source programs

116
Q

PDS/E

A

Partitioned Dataset Extended: Have a different internal format, which gives them increased usability. In a PDS, you store programs as load modules, in a PDSE you store programs as program objects. Improved user productivity and system performance - PDSE automatically reuses space within the data set without the need for anyone to periodically run a utility to reorganise it.

117
Q

PLPA

A

Pageable Link Pack Area

118
Q

Production Control Analyst

A

Person who ensures that batch workloads run to completion without error or delay

119
Q

Pseudo-Conversational

A

A series of non-conversational transactions that appear to the user as a conversation - Program only runs when the user invokes action e.g. POST on a webpage (Frees up resources compared to conversational)

120
Q

PU

A

Processing Units within a Central Processor Complex (can be referred to as a CP - single processor)

121
Q

QDIO

A

Queued Direct I/O

122
Q

RAIM

A

Redundant Array of Independent Memory

123
Q

RAS

A

Reliability, Availability and Serviceability. When something “exhibits RAS characteristics”, its design places a high priority on the system remaining in service at all times. Reliability: Self-checking and self-recovering capabilities. Availability: The system can recover from a failed component without impacting the rest of the running system. The highest levels of availability are obtained with DB2 and the Parallel Sysplex on the System z architechture. Serviceability: The system can determine why a failure occured.

124
Q

RDBMS

A

Relational Database Management System

125
Q

RDF

A

Record Descriptor Field - Occopy the last 7 bytes of the Control Interval - displays record length information and the number of records it applies to

126
Q

Referential Integrity

A

Relationships between tables established by defining foreign keys

127
Q

Region

A

Address Space

128
Q

RHEL

A

Red Hat Enterprise Linux

129
Q

RM

A

Resource Manager - Subsystem which manages the resources in the back-end inolved in a transaction (examples include WAS, CICS, IMS & DB2)

130
Q

RMF

A

Application-level Utility - Resource Management Facility used to measure various aspects of system performance

131
Q

RoCE

A

Remote DMA over Converged Ethernet (card) - RoCE Express

132
Q

RRS

A

Resource Recover Services - Primary sync point coordinator

133
Q

S/360

A

The first general purpose (scientific and commercial) computer (mainframe) introduced in 1964

134
Q

SAPs

A

System Assist Processor - Used for the I/O subsystem - each machine has at least one

135
Q

SC

A

System Controller - Processor?

136
Q

SCH

A

System Control Hub

137
Q

SDSF

A

System Display and Search: Used to review the output for successful completion or review and correct JCL errors. SDSF allows you to display printer output held in the JES spool area. Additionally can view the system log and monitor jobs as they’re being processed

138
Q

SE

A

Support Element: A hardware unit that provides communications, monitoring and diagnostic functions to a central processor complex (CPC)

139
Q

SE (Architechture)

A

Shared Everything architechture - “Shared Everything” is a complete multi-tenant architecture where all the tenants data is stored in the same database, on the same hardware and separated logically using metadata. This allows all the infrastructure costs to scale evenly.

140
Q

SIE

A

Start Interpretive Executation Instruction - (like the LPAR hypervisor) uses the SIE instruction to “run” virtual processors for a given virtual machine - No performance penalty for running z/VM in an LPAR - No shadow page tables required for DAT-on guests

141
Q

SLES

A

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server

142
Q

SMC-D

A

Shared Memory Communications - Direct Memory Access - Hipersockets

143
Q

SMS

A

System Managed Storage / Storage Management Subsystem: A facility used to automate and centralise the management of storage. Using SMS, a storage administrator describes data allocation characteristics, performance and availability goals, backup and retention requirements, and storage requirements to the system through data class, storage class, management class, storage group, and ACS routine definitions.

144
Q

SPUFI

A

SQL Processor Using File Input: It allows you to write and save one or more SQL statements at a time

145
Q

SSI

A

Single System Image: Even though a system may have a Parallel Sysplex, the collection of systems within the Sysplex should appear as a single entity to the operator. A single system image brings reduced complexity from both operational and definition purposes.

146
Q

Static SQL

A

Refers to complete SQL statements that are written in the source code. Letting the database know in advance what the SQL statement is and then posting the variable later on.

147
Q

STP

A

Server Time Protocol - Unified time between a cluster (Based on NTP)

148
Q

SUPERZAP

A

System-oriented Utlility - Can be used to patch disk records

149
Q

Syncpoint Coordinator/Manager or ‘Initiator’ or RRS

A

The system that makes decisions - speaks to all systems (PREPARE command), each system will reply as to whether they are ready to complete the task or not, then the syncpoint manager will begin phase 2 as to whether it will commit (if unanimous) or rollback

150
Q

System Administrator

A

Person who maintains the critical business data that resides on the mainframe

151
Q

System Operator

A

Person who monitors and controls the operation of the mainframe hardware and software

152
Q

System Programmer

A

Person who installs, customizes and maintains the operating system

153
Q

System Z Business Class

A

Intended for small to midrange enterprise computing. Entry point providing for a maximum of 10 configurable Processing Units (PU).

154
Q

TCP/IP Service

A

Tranmission control protocol/internet protocol: A hardware independent communication protocol used between physically seperated computers. It was designed to facilitate communication between computers located on different physical networks. The general term used to describe the suite of protocols that form the basis of the internet.

155
Q

TDISK

A

On-the-fly disk allocation pool

156
Q

TOR

A

Terminal Owning Region - A CICS region devoted to managing the terminal network

157
Q

TS

A

Temporary Storage

158
Q

TSO/E

A

Time Sharing Option/Extensions: Users log on to the z/OS system through TSO/E (User interface for z/OS in relation to it’s menu-driven interface ISPF) Solely, it provides users with a single-user logon and a basic command prompt

159
Q

Typical roles in IT for mainframe:

A
  • System Programmer: Person who installs, customizes and maintains the operating system - System Administrator: Person who maintains the critical business data that resides on the mainframe - Application Designers & Programmers - System Operator: Person who monitors and controls the operation of the mainframe hardware and software - Production Control Analyst: Person who ensures that batch workloads run to completion without error or delay
160
Q

Typical vendor roles:

A
  • Hardware Support - Customer Engineer - Software Support - Field Technical Sales Support - Systems Engineer - Client Representative
161
Q

U

A

Units (slot within a mainframe rack), standard rack = 42U high

162
Q

UCB

A

Unit Control Block - Small piece of virtual storage describing the characteristics of a device to the operating system (contains device address and tracking progress of I/O e.g. ‘Device Busy’)

163
Q

UOW

A

Unit Of Work - A transaction

164
Q

UR

A

Unit of Recovery: In transaction systems, commit and roll back referes to the set of actions used to ensure that an application program either makes all the changes or not to the resource represented by a single Unit of Recovery

165
Q

User Catalog

A

Data set used to locate the DASD volume in which the requested data set is stored.

166
Q

VIO

A

Virtual I/O

167
Q

VSAM

A

Virtual Storage Access Method - Provides more complex functions than other disk access methods (Record format: KSDS, ESDS, RRDS, LDS)

168
Q

VSAM - ESDS

A

Entry Sequence Data Set: This form of VSAM keeps records in sequential order. Records can be accessed sequentially.

169
Q

VSAM - KSDS

A

Key Sequence Data Set: This is the most common use for VSAM. Each record has one or more key fields and a record can be retrieved (or inserted) by key value. This provides random access to data. Records are of variable length. So that the system can retrieve an item without searching all preceding items in the data set. Ideal for data items that are used frequently and in an unpredictable order.

170
Q

VSAM - LDS

A

Linear Data Set: This is, in effect, a byte-stream data set and is the only form of a byte-stream data set in traditional z/OS files (as opposted to z/OS UNIX files). A number of z/OS system functions use this format heavily, but it is rarely used by application programs.

171
Q

VSAM - RRDS

A

Relative Record Data Set: This form of VSAM allows retrieval of records by number: record 1, record 2, and so on. This provides random access and assumes the application program has a way to derive the desired record numbers

172
Q

VTOC

A

Volume Table of Contents: Manages the storage and placement of datasets, a VTOC lists the data sets that reside on its volume, along with information about the location and size of each data set, and other data set attributes.

173
Q

WLM

A

Workload Manager - Unified Workload Management - The component of z/OS that manages the processing of workloads in the system according to the company’s business goals (SLAs - Service Level Agreements) - Optimises the assignment of resources to the users that have greater priority

174
Q

Z Systems

A

IBM Z is a family name used by IBM for all of its mainframe computers from the Z900 on

175
Q

z/Architecture

A

z/Architecture is IBM’s 64-bit instruction set architecture implemented by its mainframe computers.

176
Q

z/OS

A

A widely used mainframe operating system, designed to offer a stable, secure, continuously available and scalable environment for applications running on the mainframe.

177
Q

z/OS Images

A

An image within a sysplex

178
Q

z/TPF

A

z/Transaction Processing Facility - Special purpose system used by companies with high transaction volume such as credit card companies

179
Q

z/VM

A

z/Virtual Machine - Has two basic components: a Control Program and a Single-User Operating System. Hypervisor (runs other operating systems in the virtual machines it creates e.g. z/OS, Linuk, z/VSE and z/TPF can run as guest systems)

180
Q

z/VSE

A

z/Virtual Storage Extended - Smaller, less complex base for batch and transaction processing, excellent for running routine production workloads consisting of multiple batch jobs. Popular for smaller mainframe computers.

181
Q

zAAPs

A

z Systems Application Assist processor (taken over by ZIIP, don’t need to know)

182
Q

Zeus

A

Provides free remote access to z/OS, z/VM and Linux for Universities

183
Q

zFS

A

System z File System: A file system that stores files in VSAM linear data sets

184
Q

zHyperLink

A

Provides low latency direct connection between Z14 and an IBM Disk Subsystem (DS8880)

185
Q

zIIPs

A

z/OS Integrated Information Processor: A specialised processor that provides computing capacity for selected data and transaction processing workloads, and for selected network encryption workloads

186
Q

Zystem Z Enterprise Class

A

Intended for large businesses. Larger frame than Business Class offering up to 64 configurable Central Processors.