com 409 exam 3

Question 1

which of these is NOT one of Bacons 4 idols?

a. school
b. theatre
c. marketplace
d. cave

Answer 1

school

Question 2

Francis Bacon defines rhetoric as what?

Answer 2

applying reason to the imagination in order to move the will

Question 3

Bacon discusses the idol of the tribe. In it, he argues that “human nature” does what ?

Answer 3

Distorts the nature of things by perception

Question 4

Bacon argued there are multiple branches of “logic” Which is NOT a branch of Bacon’s logic?

Answer 4

arrangement

Question 5

T/F…Reason is not an element of Bacons conception of human intellect

Answer 5

false.

Question 6

Bacon argues that rhetoric does more than merely persuade men to act. It also does what?

Answer 6

sparks the imagination by creating impression in the mind.

Question 7

Beginning with Bacon, the Enlightenment became increasingly interested in

Answer 7

Psychology

Question 8

Enlightenment rhetorical texts show that ______ was an important virtue for speakers

Answer 8

Clarity

Question 9

One material manifestation of the shared social and scientific impulse of the Enlightenment was in the proliferation of what?

Answer 9

Dictionaries

Question 10

One key enlightenment area in which the study of history, poetry, and literature resuscitated the importance of rhetoric was called what?

Answer 10

Belles Lettres

Question 11

Thomas Sheridan and others contributed to Enlightenment rhetoric through the Elocution movement, which arguesd in part that what?

Answer 11

Expressions, gestures, and posture were important aids to communication

Question 12

Thomas Sheridan and others contributed to Enlightenment rhetoric through the Elocution movement, which argued in part that what?

Answer 12

Expressions, gestures, and posture were important aids to communication

Question 13

T/F…Descartes scientific method denies the value of rhetorical commonplaces (topoi) for constructing legitimate forms of proof.

Answer 13

true.

Question 14

Public speaking courses often ask students to present their speech in accurate with strict organizational and linguistic forms, including the parts of the speech, specify word choices, and explicit transitions between points. This approach is in keeping with the enlightenment desire of what?

Answer 14

Rules and clarity for speaking

Question 15

The enlightenment attempt to “mathematize” language stems from a desire to purify signification, which we can understand as what?

Answer 15

the relationship between words and thing

Question 16

Unlike the dialectical method, discussed from Plato and Aristotle all the way to Ramus, the scientific method discovers “truth” through what?

Answer 16

Building on self-evident truths and careful division to locate casual connections

Question 17

Quite unlike the classical period, the Enlightenment was a period in which _____was assumed

Answer 17

equality

Question 18

An important but often unstated assumption of rhetorics relationship with belles lettres is that

Answer 18

human nature is permanent, and poetry studies recurrent human experience.

Question 19

T/F…Locke believes there a “real world” outside of the language that we use.

Answer 19

true.

Question 20

In describing the imperfections of words, Locke describes a concept like “Beauty” as a(n)

Answer 20

mixed mode

Question 21

Locke believes that it is difficult to study things, such as “God” because

Answer 21

we cannot know the standards by which to actually understand it

Question 22

Lockes mixed modes are often

Answer 22

moral words

Question 23

Locke criticizes Aristotles emphais on dialectical reasoning because it

Answer 23

ignores the process of individual perception

Question 24

Locke criticizes Aristotles emphasis on dialectical reasoning because it

Answer 24

ignores the process of individual perception

Question 25

Locke seems to worry that debates- in particular, debates over moral ideals, are useless. Why?

Answer 25

Because debaters disagree over the meaning of ideas, becoming an argument over words not things

Question 26

Locke describes the empirical process of making a word refer to a thing- e.g. of associating a thing with the name “tree” as

Answer 26

signification

Question 27

Joe was sipping on lemonade, and declared that it was “sour, tart, and pucker” Having read Lockes discussion of the abuses of words, what is Joes friend Amy most likely ro chide him for?

Answer 27

Using different terms for the same idea.

Question 28

Locke proposes to study words as they exist as objects in the world. This form of study is ___?

Answer 28

Empiricism

Question 29

T/F…Locke says language is too imprecise for philosophical discussion or for civil use.

Answer 29

false.

Question 30

Locke believes philosophers should strive to know ideas as much as possible. In this process, words are

Answer 30

Necessary, but can often cast a mist over understanding.

Question 31

Which is NOT a purpose of language, for Locke

Answer 31

To communicate quickly and with ease

Question 32

In keeping with the Enlightenment, Vico studies knowledge and how we come to know. But he doesn’t by arguing for a _____based epistemology.

Answer 32

culturally based epistemology

Question 33

T/F…Vico unequivocally supports the Ancients’ study methods over those for the Moderns

Answer 33

false.

Question 34

Vico argues that we must study “the human things”, by which he means

Answer 34

we can only know those things which man has made

Question 35

Unlike Descartes, Locke, Vico argues that al knowledge is based on

Answer 35

argument and conviction

Question 36

Vico criticizes the increasing ______ of the university system

Answer 36

division and separation

Question 37

Vico believes that common sense is valued by the ancients because it teaches what?

Answer 37

practical judgment and eloquence

Question 38

Vico is anxious over the audacity of the modern scientific method, which

Answer 38

displays a force beyond doubt

Question 39

Vico argues that the ars topica (the art of topics) is important because it teaches

Answer 39

thinking about invention prior to validity

Question 40

Vico argues that the scientific method ignores human character and human events, which are

Answer 40

Human, and therefore based in probability

Question 41

Essay Question #1 List and describe Bacons 4 idols. Explain the relationship between epistemology and human perception. What do the idols tells us about human perception?

Answer 41

4 Idols: Cave, marketplace, theatre, tribe.

Cave-

Question 42

Essay Question #1 List and describe Bacons 4 idols. Explain the relationship between epistemology and human perception. What do the idols tells us about human perception?

Answer 42

4 Idols: Cave, marketplace, theatre, tribe.
Cave- Individual experience, the mind is symbolically a cavern with the owing to his own experience….Tribe- Human nature, human perspective, “Human understanding is a false mirror which… distorts and discolours the nature of things by mingling its own nature with it.”….Marketplace- The words of men’s association, words force and overrule the understanding….Theatre- are “artificial dogmas;” ideas passed down such as traditions and principles like religion.

Question 43

Essay Question #1 List and describe Bacons 4 idols. Explain the relationship between epistemology and human perception. What do the idols tells us about human perception?

Answer 43

4 Idols: Cave, marketplace, theatre, tribe.
Cave- Individual experience, the mind is symbolically a cavern with the owing to his own experience….Tribe- Human nature, human perspective, “Human understanding is a false mirror which… distorts and discolours the nature of things by mingling its own nature with it.”….Marketplace- The words of men’s association, words force and overrule the understanding….Theatre- are “artificial dogmas;” ideas passed down such as traditions and principles like religion. Idols make it difficult to observe and understand nature, perception.

Question 44

Essay question #2 Bacon argued that rhetoric- the art of eloquence- served a key purpose in the enlightenment period. First supply bacons definition of rhetoric. Second, explain how rhetoric functions for bacon. What is its relationship to reason? How does it appeal to Bacons more complex notion of human psychology?

Answer 44

Rhetoric is the “science” which illustrates tradition. The duty of rhetoric is to apply reason to imagination in order to move the will. Reason is affected by morality, rhetoric, and logic. Rhetoric makes things present and felt. Rhetoric functions through human psychology by allowing men to act on their own will, not just by persuading. Reason must be included in order for the will to be moved.

Question 45

Essay question #2 Bacon argued that rhetoric- the art of eloquence- served a key purpose in the enlightenment period. First supply bacons definition of rhetoric. Second, explain how rhetoric functions for bacon. What is its relationship to reason? How does it appeal to Bacons more complex notion of human psychology?

Answer 45

Rhetoric is the “science” which illustrates tradition. The duty of rhetoric is to apply reason to imagination in order to move the will. Reason is affected by morality, rhetoric, and logic. Rhetoric makes things present and felt. Rhetoric functions through human psychology by allowing men to act on their own will, not just by persuading. Reason must be included in order for the will to be moved. Reason powers the will.

Question 46

Essay #3: John Locke believes that debates between individuals are often “useless”. Why is this? What is missing from these debates that might make them productive? Give an example to explain.

Answer 46

He finds it useless because it is usually debaters who are arguing over the meaning of ideas. When this occurs, the debates are over bare sound, noise. He believes debates are about words and not ideas. It can be problematic because

Question 47

Essay #3: John Locke believes that debates between individuals are often “useless”. Why is this? What is missing from these debates that might make them productive? Give an example to explain.

Answer 47

He finds it useless because it is usually debaters who are arguing over the meaning of ideas. When this occurs, the debates are over bare sound, noise as Locke says. He believes debates are about words and not ideas. This “debate” can be problematic because there is no evidence of which they are arguing about. Due to the fact that this proof is missing