com 409 exam 3 Flashcards
which of these is NOT one of Bacons 4 idols?
a. school
b. theatre
c. marketplace
d. cave
school
Francis Bacon defines rhetoric as what?
applying reason to the imagination in order to move the will
Bacon discusses the idol of the tribe. In it, he argues that “human nature” does what ?
Distorts the nature of things by perception
Bacon argued there are multiple branches of “logic” Which is NOT a branch of Bacon’s logic?
arrangement
T/F…Reason is not an element of Bacons conception of human intellect
false.
Bacon argues that rhetoric does more than merely persuade men to act. It also does what?
sparks the imagination by creating impression in the mind.
Beginning with Bacon, the Enlightenment became increasingly interested in
Psychology
Enlightenment rhetorical texts show that ______ was an important virtue for speakers
Clarity
One material manifestation of the shared social and scientific impulse of the Enlightenment was in the proliferation of what?
Dictionaries
One key enlightenment area in which the study of history, poetry, and literature resuscitated the importance of rhetoric was called what?
Belles Lettres
Thomas Sheridan and others contributed to Enlightenment rhetoric through the Elocution movement, which arguesd in part that what?
Expressions, gestures, and posture were important aids to communication
Thomas Sheridan and others contributed to Enlightenment rhetoric through the Elocution movement, which argued in part that what?
Expressions, gestures, and posture were important aids to communication
T/F…Descartes scientific method denies the value of rhetorical commonplaces (topoi) for constructing legitimate forms of proof.
true.
Public speaking courses often ask students to present their speech in accurate with strict organizational and linguistic forms, including the parts of the speech, specify word choices, and explicit transitions between points. This approach is in keeping with the enlightenment desire of what?
Rules and clarity for speaking
The enlightenment attempt to “mathematize” language stems from a desire to purify signification, which we can understand as what?
the relationship between words and thing
Unlike the dialectical method, discussed from Plato and Aristotle all the way to Ramus, the scientific method discovers “truth” through what?
Building on self-evident truths and careful division to locate casual connections
Quite unlike the classical period, the Enlightenment was a period in which _____was assumed
equality
An important but often unstated assumption of rhetorics relationship with belles lettres is that
human nature is permanent, and poetry studies recurrent human experience.
T/F…Locke believes there a “real world” outside of the language that we use.
true.
In describing the imperfections of words, Locke describes a concept like “Beauty” as a(n)
mixed mode
Locke believes that it is difficult to study things, such as “God” because
we cannot know the standards by which to actually understand it
Lockes mixed modes are often
moral words
Locke criticizes Aristotles emphais on dialectical reasoning because it
ignores the process of individual perception
Locke criticizes Aristotles emphasis on dialectical reasoning because it
ignores the process of individual perception
Locke seems to worry that debates- in particular, debates over moral ideals, are useless. Why?
Because debaters disagree over the meaning of ideas, becoming an argument over words not things
Locke describes the empirical process of making a word refer to a thing- e.g. of associating a thing with the name “tree” as
signification
Joe was sipping on lemonade, and declared that it was “sour, tart, and pucker” Having read Lockes discussion of the abuses of words, what is Joes friend Amy most likely ro chide him for?
Using different terms for the same idea.
Locke proposes to study words as they exist as objects in the world. This form of study is ___?
Empiricism
T/F…Locke says language is too imprecise for philosophical discussion or for civil use.
false.
Locke believes philosophers should strive to know ideas as much as possible. In this process, words are
Necessary, but can often cast a mist over understanding.
Which is NOT a purpose of language, for Locke
To communicate quickly and with ease
In keeping with the Enlightenment, Vico studies knowledge and how we come to know. But he doesn’t by arguing for a _____based epistemology.
culturally based epistemology
T/F…Vico unequivocally supports the Ancients’ study methods over those for the Moderns
false.
Vico argues that we must study “the human things”, by which he means
we can only know those things which man has made
Unlike Descartes, Locke, Vico argues that al knowledge is based on
argument and conviction
Vico criticizes the increasing ______ of the university system
division and separation
Vico believes that common sense is valued by the ancients because it teaches what?
practical judgment and eloquence
Vico is anxious over the audacity of the modern scientific method, which
displays a force beyond doubt
Vico argues that the ars topica (the art of topics) is important because it teaches
thinking about invention prior to validity
Vico argues that the scientific method ignores human character and human events, which are
Human, and therefore based in probability
Essay Question #1 List and describe Bacons 4 idols. Explain the relationship between epistemology and human perception. What do the idols tells us about human perception?
4 Idols: Cave, marketplace, theatre, tribe.
Cave-
Essay Question #1 List and describe Bacons 4 idols. Explain the relationship between epistemology and human perception. What do the idols tells us about human perception?
4 Idols: Cave, marketplace, theatre, tribe.
Cave- Individual experience, the mind is symbolically a cavern with the owing to his own experience….Tribe- Human nature, human perspective, “Human understanding is a false mirror which… distorts and discolours the nature of things by mingling its own nature with it.”….Marketplace- The words of men’s association, words force and overrule the understanding….Theatre- are “artificial dogmas;” ideas passed down such as traditions and principles like religion.
Essay Question #1 List and describe Bacons 4 idols. Explain the relationship between epistemology and human perception. What do the idols tells us about human perception?
4 Idols: Cave, marketplace, theatre, tribe.
Cave- Individual experience, the mind is symbolically a cavern with the owing to his own experience….Tribe- Human nature, human perspective, “Human understanding is a false mirror which… distorts and discolours the nature of things by mingling its own nature with it.”….Marketplace- The words of men’s association, words force and overrule the understanding….Theatre- are “artificial dogmas;” ideas passed down such as traditions and principles like religion. Idols make it difficult to observe and understand nature, perception.
Essay question #2 Bacon argued that rhetoric- the art of eloquence- served a key purpose in the enlightenment period. First supply bacons definition of rhetoric. Second, explain how rhetoric functions for bacon. What is its relationship to reason? How does it appeal to Bacons more complex notion of human psychology?
Rhetoric is the “science” which illustrates tradition. The duty of rhetoric is to apply reason to imagination in order to move the will. Reason is affected by morality, rhetoric, and logic. Rhetoric makes things present and felt. Rhetoric functions through human psychology by allowing men to act on their own will, not just by persuading. Reason must be included in order for the will to be moved.
Essay question #2 Bacon argued that rhetoric- the art of eloquence- served a key purpose in the enlightenment period. First supply bacons definition of rhetoric. Second, explain how rhetoric functions for bacon. What is its relationship to reason? How does it appeal to Bacons more complex notion of human psychology?
Rhetoric is the “science” which illustrates tradition. The duty of rhetoric is to apply reason to imagination in order to move the will. Reason is affected by morality, rhetoric, and logic. Rhetoric makes things present and felt. Rhetoric functions through human psychology by allowing men to act on their own will, not just by persuading. Reason must be included in order for the will to be moved. Reason powers the will.
Essay #3: John Locke believes that debates between individuals are often “useless”. Why is this? What is missing from these debates that might make them productive? Give an example to explain.
He finds it useless because it is usually debaters who are arguing over the meaning of ideas. When this occurs, the debates are over bare sound, noise. He believes debates are about words and not ideas. It can be problematic because
Essay #3: John Locke believes that debates between individuals are often “useless”. Why is this? What is missing from these debates that might make them productive? Give an example to explain.
He finds it useless because it is usually debaters who are arguing over the meaning of ideas. When this occurs, the debates are over bare sound, noise as Locke says. He believes debates are about words and not ideas. This “debate” can be problematic because there is no evidence of which they are arguing about. Due to the fact that this proof is missing
