com 409 exam 2

Question 1

Key points of quintilian

Answer 1

theory of the orator- “the good man speaking well.” (the morality of the orator); education of the orator (character and teaching); giving shape to the technical process of speech- imitation & progymnasmata; study of the art, artist, and work of rhetoric

Question 2

what is progymnasmata? (quinitilian)

Answer 2

training in specific practices of language use

Question 3

grammar, rhetoric, and the courtroom (quinitilian)

Answer 3

rhetoric is the “next step” beyond grammar and education; rhetorical exercises- progymanasmata, speaking from complex to simple topics; goal is effective argument in courts

Question 4

what kind of teacher is required? (quintilian)

Answer 4

a parent toward his pupils; morality first and foremost; discipline through patience, judgment, approval, and condemnation- ex: “no applause” ; teaching requires a judgment of the student and his abilities, “exuberance”

Question 5

progymnasmata- progession (quinitilian)

Answer 5

narration- “with substance”- practice, refutation, confirmation; praise and blame of those individuals; comparing the virtues/vices of unnamed (abstract) individuals; comparison of real individuals/ values; thesis/antithesis- comparison & argument regarding things ; “copius” description; praise and blame of the laws- most “mature”

Question 6

history and style (quinitilian)

Answer 6

teachers can instruct students through historical speeches and examples; students should speak from the work of great writers; both composition and style of works- choosing what is “amplified”; students should aim to be between ancient and modern style

Question 7

assumptions of rhetorical education (quinitilian)

Answer 7

teachers “accommodate” natural abilities but aims to exceed them (isocrates)

Question 8

natural skill is not enough (quintilian)

Answer 8

rhetorical instruction teaches the connection between ideas and arranged speech (isocrates); against overly vigorous or overly memorized speech

Question 9

speaking beyond “rules” (quinitilian)

Answer 9

no “general” or “constant” rule; the orator, in all his pleadings, should keep 2 things in mind- what is becoming and what is expedient; importance of time, “the case at hand”, necessity- can we change the situation?; alteration of rules is mark of skillful oratory

Question 10

how is rhetoric an “art”? rhetoric as an art, artist, & work (quinitilian)

Answer 10

art: rhetoric attained by study, “how to speak well”; artist: the orator, “whose business it is to speak well”; work: what is “achieved” by the artist, “good speaking”

Question 11

“the art of speaking well”- against aristotle

Answer 11

aristotle detaches himself from the event; quinitilian (like plato) believes speech must be “good” or “just”

Question 12

“the good man speaking well” (quint.)

Answer 12

both effectively and virtuously. quint sidesteps the criticism of oratory by redefining it - nature and practice of rhetoric

Question 13

oratory is an art, not a simple practice (quint.)

Answer 13

its end is to speak well. requires education and method. the orators art consists in his act, not in the result. like other arts- doctors, philosophers etc.

Question 14

answering gorgias- is rhetoric a positive or neutral virtue? (quint)

Answer 14

process of education makes it positive. perfect oratory requires virtue & knowledge, speakers should only speak on topics they know. rhetoric is universal, “everything that may come before an orator for discussion.”

Question 15

on imitation and writing (quint)

Answer 15

imitation of good models. writing as a form of expression and thinking. writing is the “teacher of eloquence”. teaches judgment, arrangement, selection, & revision. careful writing, habits, and corrections.

Question 16

the orator as good man speaking well (quint.)

Answer 16

moral character and duties of the orator.

Question 17

who is the perfect orator? (quint.)

Answer 17

“a calmer of the populance”. does not argue against his own beliefs. but must study vice in order to know what virtue is- justice and injustice, trying cases to “improve” the guilty or benefit of society.

Question 18

the characteristics of the orator (quint)

Answer 18

the orator should be a “roman wise man”. morality-above all. rhetorical “offices”- orator must be imaginative, steady in mind, strong memory. the body: the orator does not depend merely on knowledge, but on strength of voice, lungs, constitution. To accomplish such a task is difficult. and no one has accomplished it.

Question 19

conclusions of quintilian

Answer 19

close connection with many previous thinkers (isocrates &cicero); quintilian extends rhetoric through morality and education - universality of rhetoric, education as a technical process. quintilian defines rhetoric more clearly- orator: “good man speaking well”, rhetoric combines art, artist, and work; focus on the nature and teaching of the orator

Question 20

shifting “boundaries of rhetoric and philosophy (boethius)

Answer 20

philosphical argument (dialectic) deals with theses: “general questions); rhetoric with hypotheses: specific instances; rhetoric becomes a means of applying general rules, established by dialectic, to specific cases; rhetoric takes a preliminary and subordinate place in the medieval university curriculum

Question 21

a “treatment of the whole” (boethius)

Answer 21

we shall treat the genus of the art, its species, its parts, its tools, and the parts of the tools, the duty of its practitioners, and its goals.

Question 22

what is a genus? (boethius)

Answer 22

“a faculty”

Question 23

what is a species? (boethius)

Answer 23

judicial, demonstrative, deliberative

Question 24

what are parts? (boethius)

Answer 24

general principles or specific applications of principles

Question 25

categorizing the forms of appeal (boethius)

Answer 25

“the category into which the material falls comes from the rhetoric”; no necessary subject matter or content

Question 26

the parts of rhetoric- from cicero (boethius)

Answer 26

invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery. “if an orator lacks any one of them, his use of faculty is incomplete.”

Question 27

rhetoric vs dialectic returns (boethius)

Answer 27

rhetoric and “civil oration”; dialectic is not of public concern- developed through questions and answers; rhetoric deal with civil hypotheses.

Question 28

rhetoric vs dialectic cont. (boethius)

Answer 28

compared to dialectic: “when not of public concern (dialectic) is developed through questions and answers; rhetoric deals with “civil hypotheses.” rhetoric needs both an adversary and a judge. dialectic has a for a judge the same person who acts as adversary.

Question 29

the parts of rhetoric- from cicero (boethius)

Answer 29

“Unless the author discovers suitable material, clothes it in a good style, arranges it properly, remembers and delivers it well, he accomplishes nothing.”

Question 30

the parts of oration- the “tool” of rhetoric (boethius)

Answer 30

Introduction/Exordium; Argument – Stating the thesis/claim; Partition – Organization/Preview; Proof – Logical Argumentation; Refutation – Answering counterarguments;
Peroration – Appeals to audience (pathos-driven)
“It is the duty of the faculty of rhetoric to teach and to move.”

Question 31

double duty of the orator- the speaker and the audience (boethius)

Answer 31

he must say he has spoken in a way calculated to persuade; and in his audience he must have truly persuaded them. is this more like aristotle or like cicero/quinitilian ex: “moral” orators

Question 32

the parts of the oratory and the parts of the cases (boethius)

Answer 32

constitutiones and “issues”. ex: the husband, the wife, and the brothel- the definition is not part of the controversy, it is the whole controversy. “No constitutio can be called a “part of the case” in which it figures, because it is the subject of the dispute…” (we can design different rhetorical speeches around different subjects of dispute.) The constitutiio is part of the case…generally.

Question 33

Conclusions of Boethius

Answer 33

rhetoric deals with specific cases and their variety- it applies ciceronian & aristotelian thinking to specific instances. Constitutiones frame rhetorical disputes

Question 34

Conclusions of Boethius

Answer 34

rhetoric diminished: rhetoric does not deal with general questions. All general questions become questions of philosophy. Dialectic becomes separated from- even opposite of- rhetoric.

Question 35

intro to renaissance rhetoric

Answer 35

14th-17th ad. rhetoric’s vast scope- religion, law and politics(authority uncertain between religion and secular gov.), history & culture(literature, public life, private power), humanism( the capacity to know and change the world).

Question 36

what does renaissance rely on?

Answer 36

style to make sense out of public participation in an increasingly complex social life

Question 37

the coming conflict of science and rhetoric

Answer 37

education- for the pure reason or public life?; dialectic(logic) vs rhetoric(humanism)

Question 38

what do humanists oppose?

Answer 38

scholasticism which stressed the knowledge of external reality rather than emphasizing the mind’s power to reimagine or reshape reality

Question 39

major themes of renaissance

Answer 39

I: Italian Humanism: Petrarch
II: Northern European Humanism: Ramus
III: Humanism in England

Question 40

rhetoric and italian humanism- petrarch

humanitas

Answer 40

humanitas- “cultivated learning” history, philosophy, individuality. education should combine literary art, moral philosophy and civic responsibility in his writing & oratory

Question 41

Petrach - rhetoric and italian humanism

from ideal oratory to public man

Answer 41

synthesize christian religion and secular thinking, writing, and acting in society

Question 42

petrarch- rhetoric and italian humanism

Answer 42

opposes focus on logic/rationality, study of history, morality etc.

Question 43

the italian humanist could see rhetoric and philosophy as?

Answer 43

united. and even rhetoric as supreme—because they began to understand meaning itself as historically established.”

Question 44

historical meaning and practical action. to be active what must the responsible citizen do

Answer 44

express philosophical insights in language that is convincing in contemporary circumstances.

Question 45

humanist historical consciousness emphasizes what?

Answer 45

personal performance in all intellectual and political action.”
Cf. Castiglione. “Develop personal talents amid constraints of given historical circumstances” (560)

Question 46

from public orator to courtier

Answer 46

Power “behind the scenes” (Castiglione)

The Renaissance Man (561)

Question 47

peter ramus

Answer 47

Rejects “cumbersome” earlier forms of thought; Criticizes “all authorities, classical or medieval”; Redistributes the responsibilities of philosophy and rhetoric (568); Reduces rhetoric to “mere style”: “By rhetoric Ramus means only the study of stylistic ornamentation, a harmless pastime… for serious business, a plain style is best.”

Question 48

ramus vs. cicero

Answer 48

15th Century – Sir Thomas More - Drawn from earlier Italian Humanism; “Through his versatile use of language, the man of wisdom influences history and guides political affairs.”

Question 49

traditional ciceronians

Answer 49

“tended to emphasize style and to treat rhetoric as a more courtly accomplishment…”; Focus on style helped “the English language develop its semantic and syntactic resources, which were perceived as inferior to Latin.” (572)
Humanist Education in law, medicine (570-1) social mobility (571) and pluralization of compositional forms (572)

Question 50

ramists

Answer 50

Rhetoric is Poetry, not statecraft (572)
Rhetoric into two parts: “Elocution and pronunciation”
Plain Style, Vernacular language
“The shaping function of language… was deplored.” A value-neutral language was the best tool for knowledge.

Question 51

Separation of Knowledge from from Rhetorical Invention

Answer 51

ramism separates rhetoric from logic.

Question 52

separating knowledge from rhetorical invention — arnauld?

Answer 52

“True Knowledge is a knowledge of things, not words.”

Question 53

francis bacon

Answer 53

Science generates knowledge
Human nature can disrupt “accurate” perception of things
“Idols”

Question 54

who is courtier?

Answer 54

Skilled in writing and speaking; Increased use of Vernacular language, not “corrupted” Latin; “Elegant” Speaking and Writing– not antique words phrases; Invention and Creative Usage, not just imitation

Question 55

features of the courtier

Answer 55

Knowledgeable
Proper Order of Words
Selection of Words – “proper, select, lustrous, well-formed, but above all.. Still used by the people.” (666)
Tempered voice, manner, gestures (“seemly,” “gracious”)
Uses a variety of terms (in different languages), expands their meaning, uses terms “in a sense they do not usually have, transferring them aptly… in order to make them more attractive and beautiful and… to put things before our very eyes…” (667)
What subject matter? “Only grave,”
Relies on “a certain natural judgment and not by any art of rule.”

Question 56

feats. of the courtier- neo-ciceronian

Answer 56

No need to “define the virtues,” but “it suffices if he [the courtier] is a man of honor and integrity

Question 57

the courtier and the public space

Answer 57

A courtier must be “cautious and reserved rather than forward, and take care not to get the mistaken notion that he knows something he does not know.” Flattery and being flattered: Risks

Question 58

castiglione: conclusions

Answer 58

Shifting purposes of style, rhetoric
“Grace,” Lack of affectation
The public is a space of appearance rather than of truth
Is this dangerous?
Self-preservation and Self-expression in public