COM 331 Flashcards
1
Q
Information Systems
A
1) pieces of technology
2) supporting decision making, share information, analyze outcomes
2
Q
Five components of IS
A
- Hardware
- Software
- Data
- People
- Processes
3
Q
Hardware
A
the parts you can touch
ex. computer, flash drives
4
Q
Software
A
instructions that tell the hardware what to do
1. Operating systems
2. Applications
ex. keyboard telling the computer what to do
5
Q
Data
A
Collection of information that give insight into human behaviour
ex. personalized playlists, health behaviours
6
Q
People
A
interact with human in an organization
ex. support staff
7
Q
Processes
A
steps undertaken to achieve a desired outcome
ex. manufactured robots, delivery drones
8
Q
Mainframe era (1950-60)
A
- Organize and store large volumes of info
- affordable by large businesses
9
Q
PC Revolution (1970-80)
A
- Launch of “micro-computers
- Founding of Microsoft, Apple
10
Q
Client-server (1980)
A
- looking to share information across computers
- network sharing
11
Q
Internet and E Commerce (1990-2000)
A
- First version of internet
- World Wide Web
12
Q
Web 2.0 (2000-2010)
A
- Websites became more user friendly
- social networking
13
Q
Post-PC/AI Revolution (2020-)
A
- Mobile technologies and applications
- Gen AI
14
Q
Supervised learning
A
learn by example
15
Q
Reinforcement learning
A
learn by trial and error
16
Q
Productivity paradox
A
advancements in technology do not always lead to expected increases in productivity
17
Q
Mismeasurement
A
when investing in technology it is hard to measure the success
18
Q
Output mismeasurement
A
increased scope lowers economies of scale
19
Q
Input measurement
A
IT stock is overestimated then unit productivity will appear less
20
Q
Lags
A
Investments often take years to show up
21
Q
Redistribution
A
when different companies move into a market, some do better than others
22
Q
Mismanagement
A
IT investments aren’t made in the best interest
23
Q
Mimetic isomorphism
A
firms copy one another under the belief that the organization they are copying is better
24
Q
IT doesn’t matter
A
Nicolas Carr says there is no competitive advantage from IT
25
2 ways of Competitive advantage
1) Cost advantage
2) Differentiation advantage
26
Inbound logistics
processes that bring raw materials
27
Operations
converting raw materials into final products
28
Outbound logistics
getting the product to the customer
29
Sales/Marketing
enticing consumers to purchase the product
30
Service
customer support and maintenance after product is sold
31
Porter's Five Forces
Threat of New Entry
Supplier Power
Buyer Power
Threat of Substitution
Industry Rivalry
32
Business Process
series of tasks that are completed in order to accomplish a goal for a business.
33
IS process
a process is a set of business activities performed by a human or an information system to achieve a specific outcome
34
Documenting Processes
1) helps businesses retain control over how processes are performed
2) enables companies to standardize processes
35
Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN)
visual language with the ability to:
- describe business process straightforwardly
- visualize business process for systematic understanding
- communicate the business process for effective management
36
Data flow diagrams (DFD)
examining the components of a system and their interactions
37
Cause-Effect
designed to identify and resolve the root causes of problems in a process
38
Cause-effect factors
- method
- milieu
- machine
- material
- measurement
- people
39
Method
problems with how the process is designed or performed
40
Milieu
problems with external factors and the environment
41
Machine
problems with the technology
42
Material
problems with raw materials
43
Measurement
problems with measurement or calculations
44
People
problems with people leading to wrong decision making
45
ERP Systems
a type of software that helps organizations manage and automate their business processes
46
ERP benefit
allows organization to manage all of their business process in one location
47
ERP downside
over standardizing
48
Business Process Re-engineering
just because one business process is in place doesn’t mean it should remain in place forever
49
How to re-engineer
1) Prioritize efficient outcome
2) Have those who use the process perform the redesign
3) Link parallel activities
4) Eliminate inefficiencies
50
People involved in IS
1) creators of IS
2) IS operations and admin
51
Systems Analyst
bridge between programmers and end users
52
Programmer
Builds the IS that was designed by the systems analyst
53
Computer Engineer
Designs computing devices
54
Computer Operator
Manages mainframe computers in data centres and responsible for protection of equipment
55
Database Administrator
Manages the databases for an organization
56
Help desk/Support
First line of support for end users
57
Trainer
Conducts classes for people using the IS
58
Chief Innovation Officer (CIO)
aligns strategic IS plan with strategic organization plan
59
Functional manager
responsible for a specific IS function group
60
ERP management
ensures ERP is up to date
61
Project managers
keeps projects on time and in budget
62
Information Security Officer
establishes the company's security policies
63
Types of users
1) Innovators
2) Early adopters
3) Early majority
4) Late majority
5) Laggards
64
Digital Transformation
a process using digital technology to change and enhance the way a business operates
*reshaping, no just adopting
65
Goals of digital transformation
1) greater efficiency
2) higher agility
3) more innovation
66
Elements of digital transformation
1) Business Model
2) Customer experience
3) Operations
4) Employee experience
5) Digital Platform
67
Business Model
1) Digital enhancements
2) Information-based service extension
3) Multisided platforms
68
digital enhancements
improving existing business models without major changes
69
Information-based service extensions
using sensors, networks, apps and analytics to create value for customers
70
Multisided platforms
launching an ecosystem to provide multiple service through one platform
71
Customer Experience
1) experience design
2) customer intelligence
3) emotional engagement
72
Experience design
creating and delivering compelling experiences
73
Customer intelligence
integrating data to understand customer behaviour
74
Emotional engagement
creating emotional engaging customer experience
75
Operations
1) core process automation
2) connected and dynamic operations
3) data-driven decision-making
76
Core process automation
digitally reinventing operation with automation
77
Connected and dynamic operations
digital threads connecting machines, model and processes
78
Data-driven decision-making
big data that enables more informed decisions
79
Employee experience
1) augmentation
2) future-readying
3) flex-forcing
80
Augmentation
using technologies to optimize employee performance
81
Future-readying
providing employees with skills they need to keep up with change
82
Flex-forcing
multi skilling employees or relying on short-term workers to make organization more agile
83
Road blocks of digital transformation
1. Ambiguity
2. Contextualization
3. Reconceptualization
4. Implementation
84
Ambiguity
Learning phase
85
Contextualization
Self-reflection phase
86
Reconceptualization
redefinition phase
87
Implementation
execution phase
88
Globalization
the integration of goods, services and culture among nations of the world
89
Globalization 1.0
driven by horsepower, wind power and steam power
90
Globalization 2.0
the rise of multinational corporations
91
Globalization 3.0
rise of personal computing, internet and software
92
Flat word platform
just about anybody can communicate globally
93
Main technologies in globalization 3.0
1) The Graphical User Interface
2) International Infrastructure
3) Software to automate/integrate business processes
94
Opportunities for Global Firm
1. Ability to locate expertise and labor anywhere
2. Ability to operate 24 hours a day
3. Larger customer market
95
Challenges for the Global Firm
1. Infrastructure differences
2. Labor Laws
3. Legal restrictions
4. Language, customs, preferences
5. International shipping
96
The Digital Divide
when certain people do not receive adequate access to technology compared to others
97
Three stages of the digital divide
1) economic divide
2) usability divide
3) empowerment divide
98
Other stages of digital divide
1) Democracy
2) Geographical growth
99
Fixing the digital divide (5)
1) Affordability
2) Personalized internet devices
3) Access to digital literacy
4) Quality technical support
5) designed to encourage participation
100
Ethics
the principles of conduct governing an individual/group
101
Code of Ethics
Formal document that outlines the acceptable behaviours for a professional/social group
102
Drawbacks from code of ethics
1) doesn't have legal authority
2) new issues might arise outside of the code
103
Intellectual Property
an idea, invention, or process that is derived from the mind
104
Copyright
Protection laws given to the expression of ideas in audio or visual from
(lasts for the life of original author + 70 years)
105
Patent
Protection laws given to the creator of a new product or process
(often lasts 20 years)
106
Trademark
a word, phrase, logo, shape or sound that identifies a source of goods or services
107
Privacy
The ability to control information about oneself
108
Privacy types
1) Privacy of the person
2) Privacy of behaviour
3) Privacy of communication
4) Privacy of data and images
5) Privacy of thoughts and feelings
6) Privacy of location
7) Privacy of association
109
Privacy Paradox
the contrast between privacy attitudes and privacy behaviours
(users tend to compromise their own data)
110
Three lens of ethical dilemmas
1) Right lens
2) Utilitarian lens
3) Virtue Lens
111
Right lens
the best ethical action protects and respects human rights of those affected by the decision
112
Utilitarian lens
the best corporate action is what is best for customers, employees, shareholders and communities
113
Virtue lens
actions ought to be consistent with ideal virtues in society
114
Technology for Social Good
despite potential harm, technologies have the potential to create positive impact on local and global communities
115
Possible issues addressed by technology
1) Sanitation
2) Poverty
3) Hunger
4) Transportation
5) Education
116
Why don't people use technology? (7)
1) Fear of change
2) Compatibility issues
3) Security concerns
4) Lack of trust
5) Resistance
6) User experience
7) Other: cost, access, regulations
117
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
1. Perceived Usefulness
2. Perceived Ease of Use
118
Strong ties in Social Networks
close emotional bonds, frequent interactions and high trust
119
Weak ties in Social Networks
relationships characterized by less frequent interactions, lower emotional intensity and less feeling of trust
120
Firework for Social Movements
information spreads from a central source rapidly and widely, reaching large audience quickly
- attention and impact diminishes quickly
121
Fishing Net for Social Movements
Slow, more deliberate spread of information that reaches a wide audience gradually over time
- results in deeper engagement and longer-lasting impact
