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COM 107 > COM 107 FINAL > Flashcards

COM 107 FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is the following an example of:
a newspaper’s assistant managing editors who assign stories to appropriate reporters (CH 14)

A

Gatekeeping

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2
Q

What is agenda-setting? (CH 14)

A

The ability of the news media to influence the importance placed in topics of the public agenda

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3
Q

What is the following an example of:
a news report might position the audience to view a politician as the hero in the narrative because of their economic policy to cut business taxes (CH 14)

A

Framing

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4
Q

What did the Hutchins Commission entail? (CH 14)

A
  • media should have the responsibility to consider all public good and operate in the public interest.
  • check on all powerful institutions.
  • be inclusive and disseminate unpopular vs. necessary content
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5
Q

What are the four biases? (CH 14)

A

Selective perception, hostile media, elite cue-taking, and third-person effect.

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6
Q

Who were the big three in the network era? (CH 6)

A

NBC, CBS, and ABC

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7
Q

How does the innovation-imitation-saturation cycle work? (CH 6)

A

Whenever a break out hit emerges in television, producers and network executives settle on copying it. This leads to over-saturation as the same idea is copied numerous times. The show then dies out due to lack of viewers

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8
Q

What did Newton Minnow, the then head of FCC, point out about this era? (CH 6)

A

He called media a vast wasteland. Minnow’s speech reflected growing concerns about the path the young medium was taking

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the network era? (CH 6)

A

Content Quality, Concentrated cultural power, Unfair competition, and Limited local control

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10
Q

What changed after Newton Minow criticized the network era? (CH 6)

A

There was a shift from private broadcasting to public broadcasting which led to the creation of PBS and breaking news

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11
Q

What is “least objectionable programming principle (LOP)” (CH 6)?

A

It is a strategy aimed at attracting as big an audience as possible by not turning off any viewers which led to broad appeal.

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12
Q

What change did convergence bring (CH 6)?

A

Convergence occurred by merging content across different forms of media which brought time and place shifting.

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13
Q

What is cultivation theory from the powerful media effects (CH 6)?

A

This theory is that we see what we watch as true

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14
Q

What is the process of the linear model of communication and how is it different from the interaction model of communication (CH 1)?

A

model of communication is used as a tool to explain how media messages and meanings are constructed and communicated in everyday life. According to this model, mass communication is a linear process of producing and delivering messages to large audiences.
- senders transmit messages through mass media channels to large groups of receivers

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14
Q

What are the two definitions of convergence? Can you come up with examples. (CH 1)

A

The first definition is when media companies merge together for their own benefits.
The second definition is used to describe the changes brought by digital transition.

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15
Q

According to Campbell, what are the characteristics of “High Culture” and of “Low Culture?” Be able to identify or provide examples of both. (CH 1)

A

high culture, such as ballet, art museums, and classic literature. The bottom floors house popular or low culture, including such media as reality television, teen pop music, and violent video games.
High culture is identifiable as good taste while low culture is identified as the “questionable” taste of the masses.

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16
Q

What are the differences between the “skyscraper” and “map” models of culture? (CH 1)

A

the skyscraper model serves as a tier list with high culture at the top and low culture at the bottom.

the map model looks at the relationship of media by dividing it into four different categories “media texts, users, technologies, and industries

17
Q

What is the definition of participatory culture and examples of participatory culture that we can see today (CH 1)?

A

participatory culture—a culture in which it is relatively easy for people to create and share their own content and build connections with others that often reflect and deepen the dynamics of a niche nation
- we can participate through digital media such as posting online or posting fan fiction to a community website

18
Q

Be able to define and identify examples of monopoly and oligopoly. (CH 13)

A

MONOPOLY: One company dominates production and distribution
OLIGOPOLY: A few firms dominate an industry

19
Q

What did these antitrust laws do: Sherman Antitrust, Clayton Antirust, The Celler-Kefauver Act (CH 13)

A

Sherman Anti-Trust Act: Prevented monopolies

Clayton Anti-trust Act: Prevented exclusive sales to only companies in trusts.

Celler- Kefeuer Act: Prevented how big companies can get, how much they can merge.

20
Q

What did the corporations do during deregulation (1981-1989)? e.g., horizontal integration & vertical integration (Slide # 2, pp.16-7) (CH 13)

A

Allowed corporations to take over or merge with companies from multiple sectors. Resulted in highly diverse conglomerates.

Horizontal Integration: strategy in which a corporation owns companies involved in a wide array of media businesses

Vertical Integration: when a single company owns everything needed to produce, distribute, and sell a product

21
Q

How did the Internet and digital convergence impact media industries? (Slide # 2, p.12) (CH 13)

A

New digital media conglomerates have emerged (Apple, Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Microsoft)
- Big tech companies began to see advantage of controlling and creating their own content-(Netflix and Amazon, for example, produce their own shows and films)

22
Q

What is the definition of synergy? (Slide # 2, p.16)
(CH 13)

A

opportunities to generate profits that come from interaction and cooperation

23
Q

What is the definition of cultural imperialism? (Slide # 2, p.24) (CH 13)

A

the imposition by one usually politically or economically dominant community of various aspects of its own culture onto another non-dominant community.

24
Q

Can you provide an example of contra-flow, highlighting instances where cultural influences move against the dominant trend? (Slide # 2, p.24) (CH 13)

A

Contra-flow is the movement of culture that runs counter to the traditional dominant-to-dominant (“west to rest”).
Example: the world-wide popularity of telenovelas, anime, K-Pop, and afrobeats

25
Q

What are the implications of the libertarian theory? (Slide # 3, p.12) (CH 16)

A
  • Government cannot control speech
  • Publishers are free to publish whatever they want
  • even wrongful and offensive speech is accepted
26
Q

What are 4 elements of defamation? (CH 16)

A
  1. Statement was published or broadcast
  2. Statement was false (Truth is an ironclad defense against libel)
  3. Statement’s publication was damaging (To reputation, business, etc.)
  4. Publisher was negligent
27
Q

What is the difference between libel and slander?
(CH 16)

A

libel is printed and slander is spoken

28
Q

According to the NYT v. Sullivan, how does the element for defamation differ between private citizen vs. public officials? (Campbell et al., 2022, p.465) (CH 16)

A

The Sullivan decision allowed news operations to aggressively pursue legitimate news stories without fear of continuous litigation. As part of the Sullivan decision, the Supreme Court asked future civil courts to distinguish whether plaintiffs in libel cases are public officials or private individuals

29
Q

What are the three elements of the incitement test? (Slide # 3, p. 24; Brandenburg v. Ohio) (CH 16)

A
  1. INTENT –speech was intended to incite lawless action that may be reasonably expected to cause physical harm
  2. IMMINENCE –speech is intended to incite lawless action in the near term
  3. LIKELIHOOD –speech is likely to cause the intended effect
30
Q

What is the legal definition of obscenity? (three tests for obscenity?, Slide # 3, p. 27; Miller v. California) (CH 16)

A

A work is considered obscene and not protected by 1A if:
1. Average person, applying community standards, find work appeals to prurient interests
2. Work depicts, in patently offensive way, sexual conduct (or excretory functions)
3. Work, taken as whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value

31
Q

How are gag orders and shield laws different? (Campbell et al., 2022, p. 470) (CH 16)

A

◦ Gag Rules
‣ balancing public issues in robust press coverage and public interest in an effective judicial system
◦ Shield Laws
‣ Journalists “qualified privilege” to protect sources
‣ They’re allowed to protect where they got their information from

32
Q

Could you provide insights into the case of NYT v. United States, particularly in comparison with the Progressive Magazine case? (Watch the case summary on bb). (CH 16)

A
33
Q

What are the social and political ramifications resulting from the court ruling in Citizens United v. FEC? (Watch the case summary from bb). (CH 16)

A
34
Q

What are the different types of royalties? (Slide # 4, p.21) (CH 4)

A
35
Q

What is the role and purpose of copyright? i.e., expression of an idea (Slide # 4, p.23) (CH 4)

A

It is to allow individuals to lawfully use or reference someone else’s work

36
Q

How do you infringe on copyright? (Slide # 4, p.26)
(CH 4)

A

using someone’s content without giving them credit, you can be sued

37
Q

Why is penny press called penny press and what are the legacy of penny press? (Slide # 6, p.14) (CH 8)

A
  • New York Sun (1833)
    ◦ Focused on human-interest stories
    ◦ often featured ordinary individuals facing extraordinary challenges
  • New York Herald (1835)
    ◦ shifted their focus to middle and working class readers
  • Human interest stories
  • Shift of economic base
  • political parties > market
  • Neutral toward advertisers - growth of newspaper industry
38
Q

What are the characteristics of yellow journalism? (Slide # 6, p.15) (CH 8)

A

emphasis on sensationalism, they would make things dramatic. this started the idea of investigative journalism

39
Q

Why has advertising collapsed as a revenue source? (Slide # 6, p.26) (CH 8)

A
  • shifts in media consumption
    and the digital era

COM 107 (1 decks)

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