COM-105 Final Flashcards
Situation
The time and place in which the speech communication occurs.
Feedback
Messages sent back to the speaker from the audience. Facial Expression, body language
Connotative Meaning
What a word suggest or implies. Figurative, subjective, variable. SCHOOL= Childhood friends, boring homework
Abstract Words
Refer to general concepts
Frame of Reference
Everything a speaker says is filtered through the listeners “frame of reference.” (knowledge, experience, values, attitudes)
Speaker
The person delivering the speech.
Internal Summary
Remind the listener of what they have just heard.
Delivery Cues
Directions for giving the speech in the speaking outline.
Vocal Variety
Changes in rate, pitch, and volume, that will give your voice interest and expressiveness.
Red Herring
Introduces irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
Post Hoc
False Cause Fallacy. The fact that one event occurred before another does not mean the second was caused by the first.
False Analogy
Two cases being compared are not essentially alike.
Slippery Slope
Logical fallacy of assuming that just because one step is taken, it will inevitably lead to the second step, and so on down the slope unto disaster.
5 Steps of Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action
4 Functions of an Introduction
Hook, introduce the topic of the speech, establish credibility, preview the speech.
Argument by Analogy
Compare two similar cases, inferring that what is true of one case is true for the other.
Argument by Induction
Conclusions follow from premises with probability OR Reasoning from particular facts to general conclusion
Speaking Outline
Outline to help you remember what you want to say.
Target Audience
The particular part of the whole audience you wish to reach with your speech.
Audience Analysis Factors i.e. Age, Knowledge about the topic, Gender, Size of the Audience, and Disposition
Age, Religion, Racial/Ethnic?cultural Background, Gender/Sexual Orientation, Group Membership
Policy Claim or Question of Policy
Deal with specific courses of action. What SHOULD or SHOULD NOT be done.
Message
Whatever the speaker communicates to someone else.
Appeal To Tradition
Logical fallacy that claims something is superior simply because it is older.
False Dilemma
Or Either-Or fallacy. Forces choice between two alternatives when more than two exists.
2 Main Function of the Conclusion.
1) Signal the end of the speech. 2) Reinforce the central idea.
Ethos
Source or speaker credibility.
Pathos
Emotional appeals
Manuscript Delivery
Delivering A speech from a manuscript by reading it.
Extemporaneous Delivery
Delivering a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, yet not reciting or reading, rather, an off the cuff but planned delivery.
Hasty Generalization
Logical fallacy that occurs when one jumps to a conclusion based on the basis of too few cases or atypical cases. Common fallacy when reasoning from specific instances.
Argument by Cause - OR Causal Reasoning
Establishing a relationship between cause and effect. (Because the ice was there, I fell and broke my arm).
Hypothetical Example
An example that describes an imaginary situation.
Fact and Value Claims OR Questions of Fact and Questions of Value
Fact claims have to do with answers that are either right or wrong. Numbers, stats, right or wrong ––Value Claims have to do with moral, ethical, subjective, opinions. Intuitions, good or evil.––– Questions of Fact relate to what did or happen or how something happened–– Questions of Value relate to what should have happened or why something ought or ought not happen
Ad Homenim OR Against The Man
The fallacy of attacking the person rather than dealing with the issue.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that your own culture is superior to other cultures.
Bandwagon
Logical fallacy of appealing to the fact that a lot of people agree about something therefore it is correct
Fallacy (Overall Definition)
An error in reasoning.
Action Stage of Monroe’s
Once the audience is convinced that you policy is beneficial, say exactly what you want the audience to do and how to do it. Conclude with final stirring appeal that reinforces their commitment to act.
Guidelines of Ethical Public Speakers
- Goals are ethically sound
- Be fully prepared for each speech
- Be honest in what you say
- Avoid abusive language such as name calling
- Put ethical principles into practice (not lip service. Being ethical means behaving ethically all the time, not just when convenient.
Guidelines of Ethical Listeners
- Be courteous and attentive
- Avoid prejudging the speaker
- Maintain the free and open expression of ideas
Patchwork Plagiarism
When a speaker pilfers from two or three sources.
Empathic Listening
Listening to provide emotional support for the speaker. As a psychiatrist and patient
Critical Listening
Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of acceptance or rejecting it. As when we listen to the sales pitch of a car salesman.
Topical Organization OR Topical Order
When you divide speech topics into subtopics, each one becomes a main point of the speech.
Chronological Organization OR Chronological Order
A speech organization that follows a time pattern. Events are narrated in the order that they happened.
Authorship, Sponsorship, Recency
- Authorship - Who is the author of source? Qualifications? Trustworthy? - Sponsorship - Rather than authors, source published by organization. - Recency - Speaks to the date of the study or information.
Cognitive Modification
** Nervousness is normal-Think positively-Use the power of visualization-Know that most nervousness isn’t visible- Don’t expect perfection- Positive Nervousness
Speech to Actuate
Persuasive speech designed to change audience mind on in issue OR call them to action.
Communication Competence
**The ability to choose a communication strategy that is appropriate and effective in a given situation or context. (And Listening: Empathetic, critical)
Spatial Organization OF Spatial Order
Follows directional pattern: Top to Bottom, East to West.
Appreciative Listening
Listening for enjoyment: Music, Comedy
Expert Testimony
Testimonies from people who are acknowledged experts in the field.
Specific Purpose Statement
Focus on one aspect of topic / Single infinitive phrase: “to inform my audience about…”
Central Idea Statement
Concise statement of what you expect to say: “preview of speech of sorts”
3 Steps of a Basic Argument
**Claim-Evidence-Analysis
Premise-Inference-Conclusion
Statement-Premise-Conclusion
