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PSYC 2220 > Colour Vision & Depth Perception > Flashcards

Colour Vision & Depth Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three steps to colour perception?

A

detection, discrimination, appearence

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2
Q

What is involved in the detection step of colour vision?

A

detecting wavelengths, need photoreceptors to convert light into signals in nervous system

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3
Q

What is involved in the discrimination step of colour vision?

A

neurons that compare input from different photoreceptors, how we tell difference between wavelengths

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4
Q

What is involved in the appearence step of colour vision?

A

how wea assign perceived colours to surfaces

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5
Q

What wavelength do short-wavelength cones peak at?

A

420 nm

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6
Q

What wavelength do medium-wavelength cones peak at?

A

535 nm

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7
Q

What wavelength do long-wavelength cones peak at?

A

565 nm

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8
Q

What wavelenghts do rods peak at?

A

~500nm

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9
Q

What does the graph of a photoreceptors response to wavelengths look like?

A

roughly an arc shape with a peak in the middle, x axis is wavelengths, y axis is the response

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10
Q

What is the principle of univariance?

A

that an infinite set of combinations of different wavelenghts/intensities can cause the exact same response from a single photoreceptor

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11
Q

What explains the lack of colour in dimly lit scenes?

A

univariance

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12
Q

What is the solution to problem of univariance?

A

trichromatic solution

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13
Q

How does the trichromatic solution solve univariance?

A

using all 3 types of cones we can get a unique response for the entire range of visibile light

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14
Q

Explain why humans having three cones allows us to see colour at different intensities?

A

specific light produces a set of three responses by the 3 cones, so when intensity is changed the response size will change but the relationship between the three responses will not

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15
Q

What are metamers?

A

different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical

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16
Q

Does mixing wavelenghts change the physical wavelengths?

A

no, the mixture is only perceived

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17
Q

What is a additive colour mixture?

A

mixture of lights, all the lights are reflected off the surface to the eye, perception is the effects of the lights added together

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18
Q

What is a subtractive colour mixture?

A

if pigments A and B mix, some of the light reflected will be subtracted by A and some by B, only the remainder will affect perception

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19
Q

What is the neural basis of discrimination of colours?

A

compute the differences between cone responses

ex. L - M and (L + M) - S

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20
Q

What does our brain convert the three cone signals to?

A

L - M, (L + M) - S, L + M

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21
Q

What are cone opponent cells?

A

found in retina, LGN, and visual cortex, they subtract one cone input from another

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22
Q

What are some examples of cone opponent cells?

A

L - M, M - L, (M + L) - S, S - (L + M)

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23
Q

What does equilumient mean?

A

stimuli that vary in colour but not luminence

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24
Q

What is the smallest number of correctly chosen lights that can create all possible colours that humans can see?

A

Three

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25
Q

New colours generated by combining filters are? While new colours generated by mixing lights are?

A

Subtractive, additive

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26
Q

Which pigment is most important for regulating the circadian clock?

A

Melanopsin

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27
Q

What are opponent colour pairs?

A

a pair of colours that our brain can only recognize one at a time, they oppose one another

28
Q

Whatt are some examples of opponent colour pairs?

A

black/white, red/green, blue/yellow

29
Q

Is greenish red something that we could see according to opponent colour pair theory?

A

no (its an opponent pair)

30
Q

What is a non spectral hue?

A

any colour that is not seen in the spectrum of colours made by splitting white light with a prism (anything not in rainbow)

31
Q

What is achromatopsia?

A

inability to see colour due to damage in brain

32
Q

What is colour assimilation?

A

how the visual system sometimes makes colours appear more similar to neighbouring colours than they actually are

33
Q

What is a related colour?

A

a colour that can only be seen in relation to other colours

34
Q

What is the image seen after the removal of a stimulus called?

A

afterimage

35
Q

What is occlusion?

A

monocular cue, produced by partially overlapping objects

36
Q

What is relative size?

A

monocular cue, judges how clsoe/far something is based on relation to other objects

37
Q

What is texture gradient?

A

monocular cue, gradual change in appearnece of objects from coarse to fine (more to less distinct)

38
Q

What is aerial perspective?

A

monocular cue, objects that are furhter away look bluish/blurry

39
Q

What kind of information is provided by occlusion as a depth cue?

A

nonmetrical depth

40
Q

What is nonmetrical depth describe?

A

provides info about the dpeth order but not depth magnitude

41
Q

What is a horopter?

A

the surface where all points have zero disparity

42
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A

difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eyes

43
Q

A typical depth cue depicted on a canvas by an artist is a?

A

pictorial depth cue

44
Q

What is motion parallax?

A

monocular cue, objects that are closer look like they are moving faster

45
Q

What is familiar size?

A

our knowledge of how big things are may effect our perception of their size

46
Q

What is convergence?

A

binocular cue, how much our eyes converge to focus on an object

47
Q

What is the vanishing point?

A

point where parallel lines seem to merge in the distnace, monocular cue

48
Q

What is stereopsis?

A

component of depth perception gained through binocular vision

49
Q

What is a common cause for stereoblindness?

A

strabismus

50
Q

What is stereoblindness?

A

inability to see in 3D using stereopsis

51
Q

What is strabismus?

A

cross eye

52
Q

What is unique blue?

A

a hue that people see containing blue but no red or green

53
Q

What is colour constancy?

A

the ability to perceive surface colour correctly despite changes in the colour of the illumination

54
Q

What is a spectral power distribution?

A

a plot showing the amount of power that a light source has at each wavelength

55
Q

What is a metrical depth cue?

A

provides quantitative information about distance in the third dimension

56
Q

What are some examples of metrical depth cues?

A

vergence, accomodation, familiar size

57
Q

What is the vieth muller circle?

A

an imaginary circle through the two eyes and the fixation point

58
Q

What is panum’s fusional area?

A

the zone in which an object must appear for the two images of it in the two eyes to be fused instead of being seen diplopically

59
Q

What is the first area in the visual pathway that contains binocular neurons?

A

V1

60
Q

Give some examples of pictorial depth cues?

A

occlusion, texture gradient, relative height, relative size, familiar size

61
Q

What is diplopia?

A

double vision, such as occurs when disparities are too great to be fuse

62
Q

What is an unrelated colour?

A

a colour that can be expereienced in isolation

63
Q

What is a negative afterimage?

A

afterimage whose polarity is the opposite of the original stimulus (red makes green after image, light makes dark, etc)

64
Q

What is a spectral reflectance function?

A

the percentage of a particular wavelenght that is reflected from a surface

65
Q

What is crossed disparity?

A

image falls in front of horopter, falls on left of left retina and right of right retina,

66
Q

Do images appear close than the object of fixation ofr crossed disparity?

A

yes

67
Q
A

PSYC 2220 (2 decks)

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