Colorectal cancer Flashcards
Describe what benign colorectal neoplasia would be?
- adenoma
Describe what malignant colorectal neoplasia would be?
- adenocarcinoma
Describe colorectal polyps?
Inflammatory
Hamartomatous
Metaplastic
Neoplastic (Adenoma)
Describe what an oncogene when mutated can do?
Cause excess cell growth and division
Describe what tumour suppressor genes can do when mutated?
Allow cell growth and division
What might colorectal cancer look like under the microscope?
Polypoidal
Ulcerative
Annular
What might benign (adenomas) of the colon look like?
Tubular
Villous
What might malignant (adenocarcinomas) of the colon look like?
Well differentiated
Moderately differentiated
Poorly differentiated
Describe T1-T4 in TNM staging?
T1 - submucosa only
T2 - into muscle
T3 - through muscle
T4 - adjacent structures (including the peritoneum)
What are some protective lifestyle factors for colorectal cancer?
Vegetables
Fibre
Exercise
What are some causative lifestyle factors for colorectal cancer?
Red and processed meat
Smoking
Alcohol
Obesity
Describe what gene in which there is a mutation in in FAP?
Mutation in the APC gene
Describe what gene in which there is a mutation in in HNPCC?
Mutation in DNA mismatch repair gene
What might be some predisposing conditions for colorectal cancer?
Adenomatous polyps
Ulcerative colitis
Crohns
Describe some symptoms of colorectal cancer?
Anaemia
Pain
Change of bowel habit
Rectal bleeding
Tenesmus
What might you find on examination in colorectal cancer?
Anaemia Lymphadenopathy Mass Hepatomegaly Distention Mass Blood
How might you go about diagnosing colorectal cancer?
Barium enema
CT holography
Sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy
At what age do people get colorectal cancer screening?
50 +
What might an emergency presentation of colorectal cancer look like?
Obstruction - distention, constipation, pain, vomiting
Bleeding
Perforation
What would be the treatment of colorectal cancer?
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
